He told me to clean the blackboard. 他叫我擦黑板。
When I came in, he pretended to be reading. 我进来时，他假装在看书。 He sat there, playing games. 他坐在那里玩游戏。
He seems to have studied English before. 他好像以前在英国读过书。
Having been there many times, she knows the place quite well. 由于他去过那里几次了，她非常熟悉那个地方。
I’m sorry for having kept her waiting. 对不起让你久等了。 注：不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的打算或愿望。如：
I intended to have come to see you, but I was too busy then. 我本打算来看你的，可我当时太忙了。
I was to have started work last week, but I caught a bad cold. 我本来打算上星期就开始工作的，可我患了重感冒。
二、非谓语动词的语态
当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天举行的会议非常重要。 The house being built there will be our new library. 那边在建的房子将是我们的新图书馆。
Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 已经要求我留下来，所以我就不好离开了。
注意，过去分词没有被动语态。
英语部分倒装用法归纳
1. 否定副词位于句首时的倒装
在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装：
I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。 He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。
She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她几乎没时间听音乐。
He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。
We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。
【注意】
(1) 对于not…until句型，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序： He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。
(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装： On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。
In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。
但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序： In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。
2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装
当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序： Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。 Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。 Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。
3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装
副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。
4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装
当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：
You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。 If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。
【注意】(from www.yygrammar.com)
(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：
You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。 She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。 (2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别： \was cold yesterday.\\it was.\“昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”
\you promised.\\so I did.\“爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”
5. 由not only…but also引出的倒装
当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式： Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。
6. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。 Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。
【注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词：
Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。
部分倒装用法归纳
部分倒装，即将主语与助动词倒置，其结构与一般疑问句大致相同。英语中构成部分倒装的主要情形有：
1. 含否定意义的词(如 never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, no longer, nowhere, by no means 等)置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：
Never have I seen read such a book. 我从未读过那样的书。 Little do we know his life. 我们对他的生活了解得很少。 By no means should you tell him about it. 你绝不要告诉他这事。
2. only 加状语(副词 / 介词短语 / 从句)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如： Only in this way can you do it well. 只有这样你才能做好。
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。
3. so / neither / nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。如：
He can sing English songs and so can I. 他会唱英语歌，我也会。
He didn’t see the film, and neither did I. 他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。 She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。
4. 当虚拟条件句含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if，将 were, should, had 置于句首。如：
Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。 Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something. 我要是明白了这一点，我可能会采取某种行动(from www.yygrammar.com)。
5. so...that 结构中，将 so+adj. / adv. 置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序。如： So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。
完全倒装用法归纳
完全倒装，即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有：
1. 以 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away 等方向性副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。如：
Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
Now comes your turn. 现在该你了。
Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。 The door opened and in came Mr Li. 门开了，李先生进了来。 注：若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如：
The door opened and in she came. 门开了，她走了进来。
2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。如： Among them was my friend Jim. 他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。 Around the lake are some tall tree. 湖的四周有些高树。
注：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。
被动语态的主要用法
■当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。 The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的) ■突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。 The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)
■为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。 It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。 ■出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：
It is generally considered impolite to ask one’s age, salary, marriage, etc. . 问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)
8种常用时态的被动语态