错误的理解必然导致错误的表达。理解原文词汇，切忌望文生义，应多查词典，特别是一些熟词的新意，或几个熟词组成的搭配并不一定是它们各自意思的总和。如：think tank(智囊团),surgical strike(斩草除根的打击),The Milky Way(银河)等。 （二） 理解逻辑关系
为透彻理解原文，译者往往必须上下有联系地理解原文的逻辑关系。有时一个词，一个词组或一个句子可能有几种不同的意思，要仔细推敲，分析来龙去脉，根据逻辑推理来决定那种译法正确。逻辑关系有时能帮助我们理解按原文语法关系所不能理解的问题。例如： 1. It is good for him to do that.
这句话可有两种意思：1）这样做对他有好处。
2）他这样做是件好事。
2. She didn’t marry her because she loved her.
1） 她没有与他结婚，因为她爱他。（她不愿意连累他？） 2） 他不是因为爱他才与他结婚的。（为财产？地位，也许是为惩罚他！） 3. The students were asked to stop smoking on campus.
该句是英国近代语法学家Jocobs 和Rosendbaum在他们的语法专著English Transformatioanal Grammar中的一个有名的歧义句，至少是“一句六解”：
1） 校方禁止学生抽烟。
2） 校方要求学生们不要在校园内抽烟。（可以在校外抽烟） 3） 学生们在校内抽烟，校方让他们停止这样做。 4） 有人在校内抽烟，校方请学生们去制止他们。 5） 有人在抽烟，学生们在校园里被号召去制止他们。 6） 有人在抽烟，学生们被告知去制止他们在校园内抽烟。（要抽可以去校外！） 在这种情况下，必须根据上下文判断推理，选用合乎逻辑的译法。 （三） 理解原文所涉及的事物
往往有这样一种情况，译者能正确地分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系，但由于对所涉及的具体客观事物，特别是一些特有的事物、历史背景、典故或专门术语不了解，所以就翻译不出，或勉强译出别人也不知所云。例如：
1/John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
如果不知道to eat no fish 和to play the game分别是典故和习语，而按字面译为“约翰是个可以信赖的人。他一向不吃鱼，而且常玩游戏”。其实，to eat no fish 是一个典故，指英国伊丽莎白女王时代，基督徒为表示对政府忠诚，拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教在星期五只吃鱼的规定。因此，to eat no fish（不吃鱼）是“忠诚”的意思。To play the game与 to play fair同义，“规规距距地比赛”，由此转义为“为人正直，光明正大”。故该句应译为：
“约翰既忠诚又正直，可以信赖。”
2/ South African leopard-spot policy came under fierce black fire… “豹斑”这一概念形成于二十世纪六十年代，当时南越人民武装力量在战区后方建立了许多小块根据地，美方军事地图上标着豹斑状异色标记。后来这一军事术语又被转用为政治术语，指白人种族主义者把黑人强行赶到若干小块地区居住的种族隔离政策；“黑色”指黑人；“枪火”指抨击、谴责。所以译成：
南非（白人种族主义者的）种族隔离政策受到了黑人的猛烈抨击。 由此可以看出对原文所涉及的事物了解不够就会直接影响翻译的成败。
表达
这一阶段是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来的过程。表达
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是理解的结果，但理解正确并不意味着必然能表达得正确。因此我们必须学习许多具体的方法和技巧，如直译、意译、直译加意译、直译加注释等。译者必须根据实际情况灵活处理。He is a good sailor．若直译，就是“他是一位好水手。”而原文的实际意思是“他不会晕船。”碰到这种情况，就应该意译，而不能直译。例如： 他卧床不起。
译文1：He was very sick and lay in bed all the time. 译文2：He was bedridden.
译文1虽然基本表达了原文的意思，但不如译文2简练地道。这说明，理解之后，表达还要靠译者的语言功底。
校核
校核是理解和表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实，对译文语言进一步推敲。在翻译的过程中，尽管译者十分细心，仍难免有疏漏、错误。因此校核是使译文能符合忠实、通顺的翻译标准所必不可少的环节。校核时，应特别注意以下各点：
1． 人名、地名、日期、方位、数字是否准确无误； 2． 段落、句子或重要的词有否错漏； 3． 修改译文中译错或不妥的译句； 4． 标点符号是否正确；
5． 译文中有否冷僻词汇或陈词滥调，有则尽量更换之；
6． 通常校核两遍。第一遍重点校对内容，第二遍重点润饰文字。如时间容许，
再把已校两遍的译文对照原文通读一遍，作最后的检查、修改，务使所有问题得到解决，方可定稿。
V. Exercises and Assignments
1. Caution is an admirable quality for a man in your position but, based on what I have seen of your character and your ability in the past year, I would say your future in this community is assured.
2. As we stood in the station waving until your train disappeared in the direction of New Orleans, Sam suddenly took me in his arms and announced we were leaving on a honeymoon of our own at the end of the week.
3. Forgive me for conferring the title of grandfather on a man who earned it only through marriage, but, never having had a child to cal1 him father, Tom is doubly grateful for the role of grandfather. 4. In 1994, the electric consumption in the textile mill went up 15%, whi1e its consumption of coa1 came down 30%.
5. Our lives were so interdependent, dependent on every man knowing his job that no lack of enthusiasm was tolerated, and that no one who was lackadaisical remained uncriticized and uncondemned.
6. The whole sett1ement was amazed at the stream of big black Cadillacs, Packards, and Lincolns which had come from other states.
7. Our farm and store are about one-half mile east of Archery on the dirt road towards plains.
8. The early years of my life in an out-of-the-way village were full and enjoyable, isolated but not lonely.
9. As a 12 year-old boy, I was appalled when I checked the book War and Peace out of the library because it was about l, 400 pages long, written by the Russian novelist Tolstoy, and of course, not
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about cowboys.
10. The annual cycle repeats itself.
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第三讲：英汉语言对比：英汉词法、句法和篇章结构的不同
I．Teaching Purpose:
Draw students? attention to the differences between Chinese and English. II. Important and Difficult Points
Different word order between English and Chinese III. Teaching Method
The teacher briefly introduces the characteristics of two languages and their differences by giving some examples. Then the students are asked to do some exercises.
IV. Teaching Contents
一切翻译理论,方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上,因此对于翻译实践来说,对于英汉两种语言的异同,尤其是相异之处,从而掌握它们的特点是十分重要的.
I. 词汇现象的对比 一.词的意义方面 1.完全对应
The U.S. State Department 美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean Helicopter Minibus 2.部分对应
Marriage: 娶，嫁 Gun : 枪，炮 Sister : 姐，妹
Morning : 早晨，上午 3.无对应 Overkill Plumber
4.英语一词多义，分别与汉语几个词对应 A soft aboveground launching site
The Record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May.
The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. 二.词的搭配能力方面
He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his cars with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜,穿厚毛衣, 耳朵里塞了棉花.
But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick. 但是他每冲一次,不是让人一脚踢了回去,就是让人一棍子打了回去. step up the performance of the water wheel 改善水车的机械性能
step up the campaign for nuclear disarmament. 加强支持核裁军的运动
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Birds build their nets. 筑巢
Build a new future. 创造美好的未来. Build canals. 开凿运河 三.词序的差异
汉语说, “我们在教室里学习”, 而在英语中却说, We are studying in the classroom. 英汉句子中主要成分词序基本一致.定语和状语的词序有所差异。
They saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
1. 他们看到的是一个身材瘦长, 比普通人略高一点的人, 两眼闪着光辉, 面貌很引人注意,称得上清秀.(有的定语仍然是定语,有的则变成了独立的句子.)
2. 他们看到的是一个比普通人略高一点, 两眼闪着光辉, 面貌很引人注意, 称得上清秀, 身材瘦长的人.(会使读者累得上气不接下齐,not readable.) He was born in Forth on May 27, 1923. 他是1923年5月27日在菲尔特出生的。（英语中地点状语放在时间状语之前。汉语则与之相反）
At eleven minutes past 1 A.M. on the 16th of October, 1946, Ribbentrop mounted the gallows in the execution chamber of the Nuremberg prison.
一九四六年十月十六日凌晨一点十一分，里宾特洛莆走上纽伦堡监狱死刑室的绞架。（英语时间状语从小到大，汉语从大到小）地点状语也如此：
I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country. 我出生于阿帕拉契山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔基洲柏定市。 II.句法现象对比
一.时间顺序和逻辑顺序
Nothing has happened since we parted.我们分别之后，一直没有发生什么事情。 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 我吃了晚饭后，出去散步。
1.英语句子突出重点，把重要的放在突出位置。
2.汉语叙事靠并列结构，较多依靠各成分之间的顺序，尤其是时间和逻辑顺序 3.英语叙事时间顺序较灵活，汉语则通常先发生的事先叙述，后发生的事后叙述
James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village.
斯塔福郡的詹姆斯·布林德雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；1733年，他才17岁，就着手改良磨房的车轮，从而开始了他自我奋斗的生涯。
About a week and a half after we moved into an apartment in Atwater, a block from the Los Angeles River, the rains started in earnest.
搬来以后就在阿特瓦德区离洛杉矶河一个街区的地方找了一套房子住下，住了大约一个多星期，下起雨来了，而且下个不停。
He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.
天快黑了，人家给了他一把椅子，请他坐下等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了，照出了整个大桥的轮廓。
It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me. 在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候，我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐，恐怕再也找不到比
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