第六讲：词义引申与增补
I. Teaching Purpose Word amplification
II. Important and Difficult Points Different cases of word amplification III. Teaching Method
The teacher introduces the topic and some examples are given to the students. More exercises are done in the class and after class. IV. Teaching Contents
在翻译时往往遇到这样的情况：有些词按其字面意义来翻译，或不能确切表达原文意思，或译文生硬晦涩，引起误解。因此在翻译中有的词语需要在其所具有的基本词义的基础上加以引申，选择比较恰当的词语来表达；有的则需要增补词语才能使译文流畅。 1. 词语的引申 1.1 形象化引申
英语中有不少比喻形象性的说法，或由于汉语中没有对应的比喻形象，或由于翻译成汉语时难以理解，往往需要通过抽象化，加以引申，用笼统的说法来表达，才能把原意较贴切地翻译出来。
1） He organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be, have a vested interest
in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked. 各种权利机构，可能是好意，为了自己的既得利益而设法保证社会不出现激烈的动荡。 2）.. . which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt. 写出的文章走不痛不痒的，不触及到问题的实质，虽然也装模作样地搞些辩论和调查。 3）For some，the expense of an away－from—home college education has become so excessive1y great that many students now attend loca1 schools.） Even after graduation, young peop1e find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
甚至大学毕业后，年青人发现，曲于房租猛涨，他们想搬出去住，但翅膀硬不起来。 4）In country after country， talk of nonsmokers? right is in the air.（Whi1e a majority of countries have taken little or not action yet， some 3O nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.）
不吸烟者的权利问题在一个又一个国家里议论开了。 5）（A sizable number of scholars and practitioners of Presidential power still believe that） the fau1t lies not in the office but in the men who have 1ately he1d it. ??问题不在总统的职位，而在于近些年来在这个职位上的人。
6）I wou1d inevitably make mistakes at one time or another and operate on someone who didn?t need surgery or sit on someone who did. 我有时会难免出错，给不需要动手术的病人开刀，对需要开刀的病人却忽略了。 7）The establishment yearns for the days of Kennedys. The shuttle society——artists， nobles, the beautifu1 people——used to make a pi1grimage down here to do its bit nightly.
权势阶层都想念肯尼迪家族当权的日子。那时候，穿梭社交界的人，如艺术家、显贵、名流，每晚都到这儿来朝圣，每人为这里添一点气氛。 所以，在翻译中，如碰到某一词组的字面意思和上下文意思不合，有矛盾，应该有所警惕了，
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应查词典确认，若在考试中，就要根据上下文推测。 1．2 具体化引申
英语中有不少抽象的表达，难于翻译成汉语，或翻译出来，译文晦涩费解。这时，如果能具体化一些，也可译得比较通顺。 1） People farther down the line complained less or not at a11，even though they had been equally penalized by losing a place. 在队伍后边的人则较少或根本不抱怨，尽管他们前边插了一个人也同样吃亏了。
2） Fifty-four department stores in New York featured Rockefeller headquarters where literature was passed out to 1ady shoppers.
纽约有54家百货公司起了克洛非勒总部的作用，它们向女顾客散发宣传品。 3）.. . to the visiting politicians he is the provider of free board and lodging and an introduction and shopping service. 对来访的政界人士来说，他得免费提供食宿，帮忙引见当地人士，代为采购商品。 4）I say this because of the bleak consensus ，a1beit only among some in the West， about the future.
我之所以这样说，是因为人们对人类前途都是抱着悲观的态度，虽然这仅仅是一些西方人士的看法。
5） But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right?
你的衬衣洗得干干净净、熨得平平整整，你可曾跟洗衣店主说过一句表示满意的话？ 2. 词语的增加
增词是指在翻译时根据上下文和逻辑关系增添原文中没出现但实际内容已经包含的词，从而更忠实和通顺地表达原文意思。 2.1 词义增词 A．增添范畴词
英语中大量使用抽象名词，像；justice, employment，tension，solution等，翻译时要根据上下文添加“情绪”、“状态”、“行为”等范畴词，如：heighten the tension（加剧了紧张局势），serious unemployment（严重的失业现象），in case of emergency（万一发生紧急情况）。 1）However, even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more aff1uent and better educated can expect. 然而，即使在今天，贫穷的、没有受过教育的黑人也并非总能得到富裕、受过良好教育的人可以得到的同等的公正待遇。
2） He stressed the growing concern of the United States over the increasing political instability in the Middle East region. 他强调美国越来越担心中东地区日益加剧的不稳定的政治局面。
3) Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.
与此同时，各学校正采取措施纠正教学与科研不平衡的状态。
4）We have winked at these irregularities too long， from now on they will have to stop. 我们对这些不法活动宽容太久了，从现在起再也不容许这样下去了。 B．增添隐含主语
英语抽象名词用法简练，单个抽象名词往往内含一个动宾结构或主谓结构，隐含了施动者或作用者。翻译时要把隐含内容增添出来。
1) Advertising campaigns have, however, promoted a growing realization of the advantages of
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these small p1astic cards.
然而，广告公司的宣传活动，让越来越多的人相信这种小塑料卡的好处。
2)The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth， a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspiration.
现代经济发展时代所要引向的未来是一个经济发展永不停止的时代，是一个物质不断丰富，人的愿望永不满足的世界。
3） There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 对这个词所指的有那些行为人们意见比较一致，而对逮些行为如何解释和分类人们的看法就不一致了。
4） Naples is far dirtier， and so are Bombay and countless other cities， but a to1erance for dirt seems to grow where fondness exists．
那不勒斯更脏，孟买和共他无数城市同样如此。但是人们似乎越来越能够容忍肮脏，而人们对这些城市的感情依旧。 C．增添复数意义
名词，尤其是抽象名词，当构成复数后，往往具有一定的具体数量意义，在翻译时，要注意把这种复数意思译出。 1）Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position. First of all， we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our nationa1 ailments， examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs.
在重新执政后极短的时间里，本届政府就采取了许多措施来稳定局势。首先我们致力于找出国内种种弊病的根本原因，仔细研究当时的症状，而不是墨守过时的成规教条。
2） Smoking 1s harmfu1 to the hea1th of people. Wor1d governments should conduct serious
campaigns against it.
吸烟有害于健康。世界各国政府应该开展认真的反吸烟运动。
3） You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides．
你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种倾向：历届总统经常请他们的助手们提出“直率的批评”。
4） However，despite Kennedy?s assurances, the story started to leak. 但是，尽管肯尼迪反复保证，事情还是泄露出来。 2．2 结构增词
英语中几个相同语法结构平行排列时，后面的几个往往会省掉前面提到过的成分：形成语法省略。在翻译时，要注意识别，把省略的东西补出。
1）And so we 1et the exciting new knowledge slip from us，a little further every day， and our confidence with it．
于是，我们就让那些振奋人心的新知识从我们身旁悄悄溜走，一天一天地失去，而我们的信心也随之而逐渐丧失。
显然，在our confidence后省略了slips from us，要翻译出来。
2） Until these issues are resolved， a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possib1y the on1y way to solve our problems.
这样问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，而解决问题的唯一方式
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可能也随之继续受到排斥。
3） Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind．
每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任，通过社会，对人类负有责任。
4）When the media add interpretation and analys1s，as they must to do their job fu11y， strong dislike of the messengers may become intense. 当媒体加进了自己的解释和分析后（因为他们必须这这样干，才能充分发挥媒体的作用），人们对他们就更反感了。 2．3 篇章增词
英语的特点是简练。在上下文篇章清楚的情况下，往往运用省略。翻译时要把原文句子里因上下文清楚而省掉的东西通过增词表达出来。
1） We attacked restrictive practices wherever they existed. 哪里存在阻碍生产力发展的做法，我们就在哪里加以反对。 2）（Red－light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong， and so it may be in individual instances．） When the violation becomes habitual， widespread and incessant， however，a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved.
然而，违反交通规则一旦形成习惯，咸为普遍经常发生的事情，则问题就远非走交通管理那么简单了。 3）（Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.） Stable fami1y life was difficult to maintain. Unemployed fathers would on occasion wa1k out of their homes and never return.
黑人的家庭生活难以保持稳定，失了业的父亲有时会离家出走，一去不回。 4）（In the late 197Os， nearly a third of a1l blacks sti11 belonged to the so－ca11ed “underclass”，） Americans of all races so “underprivi1eged’’ and poor that they cannot seize the opportunity for advancement. ??即美国所有种族中“被剥夺基本权利”的穷人，他们得不到改善生活的机会。
5） I discovered that more than desire and feeling were necessary to write and I dropped the idea. 我发现，要写作，只有愿望和感情是不够的，于是我放弃了写作的念头。 2．4 知识增词
因为英语文章多数是写给英语世界的读者看的，因此一些属于基本常识的东西就省略了，翻译时则要通过加词表达出来，才能使读者理解。
1） North America was the most favorable fie1d on the globe for the spread of a society so large，uniform，and isolated as to answer the purposes of science. 北美是全球最适宜这样一个社会发展的地方，这个社会地大物博，统一而又与欧洲大陆隔离，可以适合科学研究的各种需要。 2）There is still prejudice and even some hatred，but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before．
对黑人的偏见，甚至于是某些仇视依然存在，但是在美国大多数行业，今天黑人的人数比以往任何时候都要多。
3） Although no 1onger slaves after the Civi1 war， American blacks took no significant part in the life of white America except as servants and laborers. 美国黑人虽然在南北战争以后不再是奴隶，但是他们在白人统治的美国社会生活中依然无足轻重，只不过当仆佣和劳工而已。
4） Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an ear1y invasion of Europe.
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丘吉尔到达华盛顿来劝说罗斯福不要过早在殴洲开辟第二战场。
5） When on ceremonial occasions they see a flag， or attend parades celebrating America’s glorious past， tears may come to their eyes.
在典礼上，美国人看到国旗，或者参加庆祝纪念活动的游行时，他们也会热汨盈眶。
V. Exercise and Assignment
Attitude Towards Retirement
It was thought that withdrawal from employment to comp1ete domesticity did not have the same profound significance, and was a far less threatening experience, for older women than it was for o1der men. However, Jacobson?s own inquiry among industrial workers in their 50s showed that the women tended to view retirement less favorably than did the men. Jacobson remarked that for both sexes, a favorable orientation towards retirement appeared to ref1ect constraints or resignation rather than choice. Primarily, retirement was associated with awareness of a declining state of health， with tiredness and with the strains and pressures of the work situation. Positive expectations of retirement seem at best to fulfill a secondary or supportive role. Reluctance among men to retire was associated with anticipated deprivations, mainly of money rather than of attachment to work. Among women, on the other hand, work－based friendships were the main reasons for not wanting to retire.
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