child in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.
10. _____
Passage ten
Advertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or 1. simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities and
its aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices
in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and other
communications media in the course of a single advertising campaign. From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s,
approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5. to influence the purchase of commodities and services.
Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising, directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the appeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6. Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainly to build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns as important institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on institutional advertising.
Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal cold-weather breakfast.
7. 8. 9. 10. Passage eleven
Like all animal species, plant species must spread their offspring
to suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plants
don't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2. scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant
species, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do they do? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit's ripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallows the fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far 3.
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from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles. 4. It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact, some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body before they can grow.
Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted, the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries' color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off, and eventually spit out the seeds.
Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a conscious intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be
dispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection. The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, the birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready.
Passage Twelve
Cheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other
mammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ― for thousands of
years, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundreds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways. Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheese varies depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of protein for children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein
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7. 8. 9. 10. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1.
than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.
Passage thirteen
Begun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as a system for easing communication between computers in disparate electric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It links together thousands of computer networks such as those belonging to corporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers, joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modem or networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton, film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few). No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody has an exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000 separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and total traffic was expected to double during 1993.
Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial services that provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as a profit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload” to their computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data from all over the world, scholarly research that in the past would have required months of travel could now be done at one's desk.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Passage fourteen
Water is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power in
the 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable 2. inland water transport-Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.
The exact miles of improved waterways in operation depend in partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4. The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. 8
extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted in
operation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility. 6. In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middle
with respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The main disadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or truck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnage at low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.
Passage fifteen
Before considering this question it is interesting to review briefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest
1. way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level of
creatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study 2. the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?
The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4. passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings. In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys. As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomes very simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind. In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, more subtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think about something when it is not there.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Passage sixteen
If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary
science to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public
school system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science
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and technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientific services. In education there should be a good balance among the branches
of knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment such 6. balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases between the natural 7. sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the 8. current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is
continuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention from the sound, established materials that form the basis of courses for beginners.
9. 10. Passage seventeen
The world’s population continues to grow. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. 1. Experts have long been concerned about such a growth. Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and health care for all these people?
A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and industrial nations.
Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this, More men and women are waiting more longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from home instead having children.
And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planned programs to reduce population growth, China is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its population growth. China has already cut off its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970.
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