应改为: still a practical
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 例题: (1)
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. A B C D 答案: A
应改为: An emotion
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an
(2)
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine A B C chemically with other atoms. D
答案: A
应改为: an atom
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an
考点二 定冠词the
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指，针对TOEFL应注意以下几点： (1) the和可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或物，如： the fern(蕨类), the wallflower
(2) 序数词之前必须用the，如：
the first woman, the nineteenth century 但前面有物主代词时除外，如 my first baby
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外)，如： the largest city, the most advanced technology (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如： the development of the watch,
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如：
the globe(地球)，the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun
在下列情况下，一般不用the：
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加，如：
Dennis Chavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the the Great Lakes(美国五大湖)， the Changjiang River(长江)
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前，如：
algebra(代数学), advertising， accounting（会计学） (3) 表示类别的复数名词前，如：
Historians believe that?, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from? (4) 一些固定词组中，如：
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 乘车的词组：
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘
公共汽车),
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) on foot (步行)， by plane(乘飞机)， by ship (乘船)， 打球的词组：
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball
注意：表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如：He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 例题：
(D)
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. (A) it was the (B) that the
(C) there was a (D) the
答案：D
解释：空格后是主谓句，A、C可先排除，B使原句只有从句没有主句，只剩下D可选，D是定冠词作名词material的限定词，表特指
(2)
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of A B Alaska and a territory of the Canada. C D
答案：D 应改为：of
解释：Canada是国名，属专用名词，之前不能加定冠词
(3)
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to A B C nineteenth century. D 答案：D
应改为：to the nineteenth
解释：nineteenth是序数词，之前应加the
第四节 不可数名词
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型
抽象名词如：
（不可触及的东西，表示动作、状态、品质、感情等）如：
news(新闻),
information(信息), music(音乐),
population(人口), management(管理), happiness(高兴)
English(英语),
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), 还有表达学科类的名词如：
physics物理, mechanics力学, 物质名词如：
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), grass(草),
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词,
如：a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture（一件家具）， two pieces of work（两份工作） an item of news(一条新闻) 2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后
不能够说：an advice(一个建议) ，而应该说 a piece of advice
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, 而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类
例题： (1)
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and A B C D trade. 答案：C
应改为：advertising
解释：advertising是不可数名词，不能加冠词 词汇：barter: 实物交易
考点二 限定词
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词： much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的)
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 例题： (1)
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear A B C image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. D
答案：D
应改为：little.
解释：equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little
(2)
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge A B
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. C D
jewelry(珠宝)
glass(玻璃), wood(木头)
politics政治学, statistics(统计学)
mathematics数学, bioloby(生物学)
答案：B
应改为：much evidence
解释：many是复数名词的限定词，而evidence是不可数名词，应用much作限定词
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 例如：
a lot of students , a lot of money
the rest of the students, the rest of money
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun.
第五节 所有格及of结构
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home， the president's office 如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' ,
如: the students' union, the ladies' room
例题: (1)
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. (A) of the drop (B) the drop's (C) drop of
(D) drops their
答案: (B)
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 (2)
Over a very lar
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. (A) occurs
(B) will occur (C) can occur (D) occurring
答案：D
解释：句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除
考点二 of结构
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系，或者说凡是不能够加's的名词，都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括
代词和动名词)
如： the title of the passage
例如: (1)
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names A B C of some works years after their completion. D
答案: C
应改为: paintings 解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目
(2)
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and A B C D spinal cord.
答案: B
应改为: stimulation
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式
第六节 名词在句中的作用
考点一 名词(词组)作主语
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 例题: (1)
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. (A) was a major collection (B) that a major collection (C) a collection was major (D) a major collection
答案: (D)
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 (2)
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of A B C D medieval alchemists.
答案：A
应改为：beginnings.
解释：句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语