Xeqhso托福语法讲解(4)

2019-04-16 21:49

(C) is there great need (D) the great need

答案:A

解释:这是典型的 “the more?,

the more?” 句式, 意为 “越?, 越?” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.

(2)

The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. (A) the stress it is greater (B) greater is the stress (C) greater stress is

(D) the greater the stress

答案:D

解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D

考点五 no longer /not?any longer

no longer /not?any longer和no more/not?any more都表示“不再??”, 如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer.

注意no longer /not?any longer不要混用,no more /not?any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 例题: (1)

Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio A B

continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. C D

答案:A

应改为:no longer. 解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer

第三节 最高级

考点一 最高级的形式

一、英文中表示最的概念时,形容词要变为最高级,其形式主要有两种:

在词尾加-est (单音节形容词), 如:low-lowest, late-latest, lucky-luckiest, fit-fittest; 或在词之前加most (多音节形容词), 如:most important, most sensitive 少数词最高级形式特殊,如:good(well)-best, bad(ill)-worst, many(much)-most, little-least, etc. TOEFL经常会出现这样的搭配: most highest, 这是不对的,hightest已经是最高级,前面当然不能在加most.

例题: (1)

The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which involves using a circular A B dish with a small pocket at the bottom. C D

答案:A

应改为:easiest.

解释:easiest本身已是最高级, most纯属画蛇添足, 应去掉

二、没有等级的形容词

有些形容词本身就具有“比?.年长”、“ 比?..优越”等含义,因此也就没有比较级和最高级。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和to连用,而不和than连用。

有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义,所以就没有最高级和比较级。如:

absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的), right(对的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的),这类形容词往往被称为绝对形容词 例题:

Geoffrey Chaucer occupies a ---- place in English literature. (A) most unique (B) unique

(C) least unique (D)very unique 答案: B

考点二 最高级前的限定词

(1) 形容级做定语时, 最高级前通常要加定冠词the ,如: the most important thing, the biggest elephant 但当最高级前有物主代词时,不需加the, 如:

my latest hobby, her most interesting experience (2) 形容词作表语时,最高级前通常不加限定词

如:She looks happiest whenever you are around. Excuse me, but I'm busiest at the moment.

例题: (1)

Of all the Native Americans in the United States, the Navajos form largest group. A B C D 答案: D

应改为: form the largest

解释: largest是最高级, 作group的定语, 之前必须加定冠词the

考点三 范围词

伴随最高级出现的往往有表示范围的词或短语,常用of 或among或 in 引导, 表示“在?.之中”。 如:of all, in the world, in the country等, 在填空题的题干中包含表示范围的词时,空格处需填最高级 例题: (1)

The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2, 020 miles from Maine to A B Georgia, is the longer continuous marked footpath in the world. C D

答案:C

应改为:longest.

解释:本句有范围词in the world, 则定冠词the 之后应采用形容词最高级形式 考点四 most的其他用法

对于most来讲,除了构成某些词最高级外,most的用法有几点需要注意,经常成为改错题的考点: 1. 当most表示大多数时,之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数,分别为: most + 名词,如:most people, most Indian tribes; most + of + 限定词 + 名词或代词,如:most of his paintings,most of us, most of the modern artists 2. most有时意思等同于very, 此时most之前用不定冠词,如: a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal

例题: (1)

The most substances expand in volume when they are heated. A B C D

答案:A

应改为:Most

解释:most只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词,此句表示“大多数”,没必要加the. (2)

The most often flour is made from wheat, but it may also be made from the seeds A B C of other cereal plants. D 答案:A

应改为:most.

解释:the most 一般出现在最高级中, 此句most often为固定说法,意为经常 词汇:cereal: 谷类的

the end.

第三章 副词

副词和形容词有着千丝万缕的联系,相当比例的副词都是形容词加后缀-ly构成的,但副词在句中的作用却与形容词有较大区别,需细心领会:副词最主要的功能是作状语,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、甚至整个句子,这些都是形容词不可替代的作用,但切记在TOEFL题中不可修饰名词 副词可大致分为时间副词(如:now, then, recently), 地点副词(如:here, upstairs, everywhere), 方式副词(如:carefully, rapidly, happily), 程度副词(如:much, quite, extremely), 疑问副词(如:how, when, where), 承接副词(如:besides, however, therefore)等等

副词比较级和最高级的用法基本和形容词相同,形容词比较级的特殊句式同样适用于副词,稍有不同的是副词最高级前的the可用可不用,不用时居多。副词比较级和最高级作为考点的不多,但在题干中多次出现,可留心体会与形容词的区别和联系

第一节 副词修饰动词

修饰动词是副词的最主要作用之一,此处动词的含义包括谓语动词、不定式中的动词,被动式或进行时中的分词形式的动词

例如:You can't possibly arrive there on time. (谓语动词)

It's inconvenient to contact him directly. (不定式中的动词)

Her composition is frequently referred to as original. (被动式)

改错题中常误用形容词修饰动词,要注意识别 例题: (1)

In the United States, sleds for recreation were first produced commercial in the A B C 1870's or thereabouts. D

答案:C

应改为:commercially

解释:形容词commercial不能修饰谓语动词produce, 需改为副词

(2)

According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees ----, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. (A) facially (B) their faces (C) having facial (D) they had faces

答案:A

解释:resemble一词是本句的谓语动词, 已有了宾语chimpanzees, 之后需要的只可能是用来补充说明的非谓语, B、D可先排除; facial是形容词, 不能作have的宾语, 因此C肯定不对; A是副词, 恰好修饰动词作状语

第二节 程度副词much等

程度副词much, still, far, a little, a bit 的特殊之处在于:可用来修饰比较级,表示加强或减弱程度。 如: I'm much clearer about the situation now. She's not a bit more rational than you were.

注意:much不能加形容词原形代替比较级

比如想说更有耐心:不能够说much patient, 而应该说more patient; 同时more也不能替代much修饰比较级,

比如要说低得多:不能说more lower , 而应该说much lower;

例句:She is far better than me at English. ( 在英语方面她比我好的多) 例题: (1)

Watercolors dry more faster than other paints. A B C D

答案:C

应改为:much faster

解释:比较级more不能修饰比较级faster, 应改为程度副词much

(2)

Reptiles are widely distributed all over the world, but are much abundant in warm A B

regions and are virtually absent beyond the treeline in the Arctic. C D

答案:B

应改为:more. 解释:much作为形容词不能修饰另一个形容词, 而作副词时只能修饰形容词比较级, 如much better, much more expensive, 依句意是要将爬行动物在温带地区和寒带地区的分布加以对比, 因此改为比较级more abundant

(3)

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonmetals A B C oxygen and silicon are more still abundant. D

考点:程度副词 答案:D

应改为:still more

解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前, 词汇:crust: 地壳 silicon: 硅

(4)

A goose's neck is a tiny longer than that of a duck and not so gracefully curved as a A B C D swan's.

考点:程度副词 答案:A

应改为:little

解释:形容词tiny不能修饰比较级longer, 应改用程度副词a little 词汇:gracefully: 优雅地, swan: 天鹅

第三节 副词在句中的位置

副词在句中的位置比较灵活,放在句首、句中、句尾都有可能,这是副词的优点,但同时给英语学习者带来了麻烦,往往难以抉择副词的位置,TOEFL出题者也借此大做文章,给考生制造障碍,在填空题、改错题中都涉及语序问题

几点参考规则:

1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如: She sings very well.

I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错)

2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如: These two are only slightly different. right after this, very smoothly

当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如: I am not good enough to do this job. (对) I am not enough good to do this job. (错)

3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如:

He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8'clock. (be动词之后)

4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如: only, even, still, perhaps, etc.


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