三、与of搭配
1. think of , consist of, take charge of
2. be composed of, be made up of, be capable of, be typical of, regardless of, bare of, be deprived of
3. the use of, the ratio of?to, a minimum of
四、与with搭配
1. deal with, interfere with, compare with /to, share with, join with
2. be familiar with, familiarity with, be credited with, be associated with,
be concerned with, be filled with, be infused with, be consistent with
五、与in搭配
1. result in /from, succeed in, lie in, specialize in, originate in /from, live in, believe in 2. be interested in, be found in, be rich in, be involved in
六、与for搭配
1. account for, substitute for, look for, search for, run for (竞选), ask for 2. be suited for, be responsible for, be famous /known /noted for(因?..而著名) be valuable for, be appreciated for
七、与to搭配
1. belong to, lead to, refer to, relate to, devote to, adapt to, adjust to, dedicate to, commit to,
owe to, do harm to, lead to, date back to, give way to, contribute to
2. be resistant to, be similar to, be equal to, be sensitive to, be subject to, be close to, be native to, contrary to, be adapted to, be destined to (注定)
八、其他
1. range from?to, benefit from, distinguish?from , derive from, stem from, break away from, protect from, prevent from, prohibit from, shield from
2. serve as, regard as, consider as, describe as, remember as, be known as, 3. transform?into, convert?into, change?into, divide?into, 4. rank among
例题： (1)
The young of most bird species are totally dependence on parental care after A B C hatching. D 答案：B
应改为：dependent.
解释：be dependent on是固定词组, 意同depend on
(2)
Mary Cassatt specialized ----mothers with their children. (A) painted
(B) who painted (C) paintings (D) in painting
答案：D
解释：此句涉及动词词组specialize in doing ,表示专门从事某事。A 与原句谓语冲突;B定语从句无先行词；C与空前后的成分都无法连接
the end.
第五章 动词
动词是表达句意的精髓，句子的时态、语态等全依靠动词来体现。 动词可分为实意动词（如：go, do, make）、系动词（如：be, remain, seem）、助动词和情态动词（见第七章）
实意动词又可分为及物动词，即可接宾语的词，如：yield, resist, discover；和不及物动词，即不能直接接宾语的词，如：go, begin, happen。有很多词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如：drop, grow, fail
第一节 不定式
不定式是动词的非谓语形式，它的构成为：to+动词原形，to可视为不定式的标志词，两个动词常用to连接构成不定式。
不定式可以有多种形式，如：主动式（to drink, to see）、被动式（to be continued, to be understood）、完成式（to have completed, to have been adopted）、进行式（to be leaving）等
不定式在句中常作下列成分：
考点一 不定式作宾语、主语或表语
1. 作宾语：不定式多接在谓语动词后作宾语
如：He decided to put in a good word for me at the meeting. I didn't expect to hear from you so soon.
常用的可接不定式宾语的动词有：decide, expect, determine, offer, forget, remember, want, prefer, wish, hope, continue, begin, attempt, agree, etc.
例：Human beings are social animals who usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation.
2. 作主语：不定式短语可作主语
如：To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)
To work hard should be your major concern.
注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章) 例如上面第二句可以变为： It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如： It is very nice of you to help me.
It is hard for you to carry this heavy box.
3. 作表语：当句子的主语是purpose, aim, duty, goal, hope, plan, suggestion, idea, intention, problem, mistake, reaction等表示“意图”、“目的”、“功能”等意思的词时，一般由不定式作表语 如：His only purpose in life is to seek truth.
Our plan was to raise money for the new project.
例题： (1)
Before the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to A B C tell time. Ｄ
答案：C
应改为：rely.
解释：此处to是构成不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形
(2) Chinese immigrants began ---- to the United States in large numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century. (A) come (B) to come
(C) to have come (D) have come
答案：B
解释：空格处需要began的宾语，可以是动名词或不定式，A, D是动词原形，可先排除；C是不定式的完成式，不符合begin的用法；只有B正确
(3)
The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help A B achieve a carefully chosen goal. Ｃ Ｄ
答案：A
应改为：to make
解释：主语purpose决定应用不定式作表语，故改为to make
考点二 不定式作定语
不定式常接在名词之后作定语，如：
something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare, a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.
由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系，因此不及物动词之后必须加上相搭配的介词（例如上面的complain + of, talk +to）
不定式定语还可表示将来的含义，如：in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June 针对TOEFL解题需注意下列情况：
1. 由序数词修饰的名词之后多用不定式作定语，
如：the first one to arrive, the last to mention, the only thing to talk about
例句：Not only was the Mariner spacecraft the first to fly beyond Mars, but it also survived in space well past its expected lifetime of twenty-one months.
2. 改错题常出现名词之后直接接动词，且二者间不是主谓关系而是动宾关系，此处必定有错，应在动词前加to，变为不定式作定语
如：Do you have anything declare (错)
Do you have anything to declare (对) （你有什么东西需要申报的吗？)
3. 少量题中出现了类似定语从句的不定式作定语，其基本形式为：介词+关系代词+不定式，如：Here is a blue pen, with which to fill out the form.
例题 (1)
An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was ---- a traveling company. (A) to form the first (B) the first to form (C) who formed the first (D) forming the first
答案：B
解释：空格前是句子的主谓语, 空格处需要was的表语, first不能和a连用, 故A、C、D肯定不对; B中the first作表语, 省略了后面的person, 不定式to form?作定语, the first to do是常见用法, 表示第一个做某事的人
考点三 不定式作状语
不定式作状语是相当普遍的语法现象，通常表示目的、结果或原因
如：I got an early morning to catch the first train to London. (表目的) She raised the lid only to find an empty bottle. (表结果) He trembled to think of his shameful failure. (表原因) TOEFL种主要涉及第一种用法
例题： (1)
Using their bills as needles, tailorbirds sew large leaves together with plant fiber A B C to forming their nests. Ｄ 答案：D
应改为：to form
解释：to是不定式的标志词，应接动词原形作目的状语 (2)
The dromedary camel is raised especially to racing. A B C D
答案：D
应改为：race
解释：此句中的to不是介词, 而是不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形作目的状语
考点四 是否用不定式
1．有部分动词的习惯用法要求采用不定式复合结构，其基本形式为：动词+宾语+不定式， 如：enable him to dance, cause the little girl to cry,
consider it to be a great honor, imagine herself to a soprano 常接不定式复合结构的词有：allow, enable, cause, ask, expect, invite, advise, permit, oblige, help, encourage, persuade, instruct, command, urge, consider, believe, declare, etc. 注意：help既可以接不定式，也可以接动词原形（或称不带to的不定式）， 如：help him to clean the lab, help me do the housework
例题： (1)
The flexibility of film allows the artist ----unbridled imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. (A) to bring (B) bringing (C) is brought (D) brings
答案：A
解释：allow somebody to do sth.属于固定动词词组搭配, 若allow之后无宾语则用allow doing 的形式。
例: Mum doesn't allow me to eat too much chocolate. Sorry, sir, but we don't allow smoking here.
(2)
A dictionary allows quick access to the meaning of a word only if one knows how A B C D spell the word.
答案：D
应改为：how to spell
解释：how和spell不能连用，应变为不定式复合结构，加上to, 构成know的宾语
2. 在一些表示“意图”、“目的”、“倾向”等意思的动词、形容词后面经常要跟不定式，而表示同样意思的名词后面经常需要用不定式做定语 例句：
Having lost the election, the presidential candidate intend to support the opposition despite the objections of his staff. Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other than light in their photographs.
这样的动词还有tend, plan, expect, endeavor, try, wish等 He is anxious to go home.
I am inclinded to work in Shanghai.
这样的形容词还有able, apt, eager, glad, ready, likely等
A loan may be acknowledged by a bond , a promissory note, or a mere promise to repay. He has the inclination to grow fat.
这样的名词还有ablility , effort , attempt, anxiety,determination, inclination, plan 等 例题： (1) Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability ----emotional depth to her songs. (A) be giving (B) are given (C) being given (D) to give
答案：D
解释：此句主谓俱全, 主语reputation, 谓语rests on, 缺少宾语ability的修饰成分. 根据谓语唯一原则可首先排除A B； C是被动式, 后面不能有宾语, 亦可排除; D为不定式作定语, the ability to do即做某事的能力
第二节 分词
分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式，主要分为现在分词（ing为词尾）和过去分词（主要以ed结尾），他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。
由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法，其用法比较简单，这里只着重介绍前两种用法如： exciting news (激动人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩),
promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯), broken bottle（破碎的瓶子）
考点一 现在分词