2018年中考英语语法知识点总结 (名师总结教材重点,绝对精品,建议大家下载打印背诵)
名词
名词的种类 专有名词 国名、地名、人名、 团体、机构名称 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词、集体名词 不可数名词 抽象名词、物质名词 考点1:可数名词 一、基本用法
(1)可数名词后可以加-s或-es构成复数形式,用于表达超过―一个‖的数的概念。 (2)只与可数名词复数连用的单词:few(几乎没有),a few(一些), many/a great many(许多)
(3)既能与可数名词连用也能与不可数名词连用的单词:some, any, a lot of/lots of, plenty of。例如:
There is some/a lot of milk in the bottle. There are some/a lot of flowers in the garden. 二、 名词单复数规则变化
规 律 ① 一般在词尾直接加s ② 以s, x,o, sh, ch结尾的单词通常在词尾加es ③ 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y改i,再加es 但以元音+y结尾的词,则直接在词尾加s ④ 以o结尾的词,有生命的名词加es 但无生命名词则直接加s,如: ⑤ 以f或fe结尾的词,改f或fe为v 加es 三、 名词复数的不规则变化 规律 例词 例 词 book—books chair—chairs class—classes box—boxes brush—brushes watch—watches family—families factory—factories key—keys monkey—monkeys potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes radio—radios zoo—zoos leaf—leaves thief—thieves ① 变中间的元音字母 man—men, woman—women,foot—feet, tooth—teeth, child—children, mouse—mice ②表示―某国人‖的名词单复变化 Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese ( 记忆口决:中日不变英法变,其余s Frenchman—Frenchmen Englishman—Englishmen German—Germans American—Americans 加后面。) Indian—Indians Australian—Australians ③单复数一样的名词 Chinese and Japanese 吃 sheep , deer and fish 如:a Chinese -- two Chinese , a sheep -- many sheep ④ 有的名词只有复数形式 ⑤ 有的名词即可表整体,也可表成员 ⑥ 由两个名词组成的名词词组,通常只变后面一个名词为复数; 注意:但如果前面名词是man或woman时,则两个名词都要变成复数 people, police, clothes, trousers , pants , jeans , scissors, shorts family, class, team, group an apple tree—two apple trees a girl student—many girl students a man teacher—some men teachers a woman doctor—ten women teachers 考点2:不可数名词 一、基本用法
(1) 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能与a/an或具体数字连用,但特指某物时可以与定冠 词the连用。
(2) 要表示一定的数量时,常与a cup of, a bottle of, a piece of 等量词连用,如a cup of tea
一杯茶; two bottles of water两瓶水
注意:区别two boxes of chalk与two boxes of apples。
(3) 只能修饰不可数名词的词有:a little(一点),little(几乎没有),much/a great deal of(许
多)
(4) 常考的不可数名词有:
food, drink (饮料), orange(橙汁), milk, rice, bread, meat(肉), chicken (鸡肉), pork(猪肉), beef(牛肉),work, homework, news(新闻) advice (建议), information(信息), weather(天气), Chinese(汉语), knowledge(知
考点3:名词所有格
在英语中,有生命的名词及表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,常在词尾加’s 表示所属关系,叫做名词的所有格。翻译成:―的‖。如:Tom’s bike (汤姆的单车) 名词的所有格 ① 直接在词尾加's. 例词、例句 Kate's bag, Children's Day, Women's Day Teachers' Day, students' books ② 以s结尾的名词所有格,在词尾加 ' ③ 表示两人共同拥有的人或物,在后一个人名后加's ④ 表示两人分别拥有的人或物,则两个人名后都要加's ⑤ 表某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面的名词常常省略: ⑥ 表示无生命名词的所有格,用of 表达 Lucy and Lily's mother (共同的妈妈) Tom's and Jim's rooms (各自的房间) at the doctor's(在医务室); at Tom’s (在汤姆的家) the door of the room, the color of the clothes A friend of my father's a book of mine ⑦ 双重所有格:用’s所有格/ 与 of 所有格相结合。 注意: 但是有些表示时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城市等无生命的名词,也可加's构成所有格: 如: today's newspaper今天的报纸 eight days' holiday = an 8-day holiday八天的假期 five minutes' walk = a five-minute walk 五分钟的步行路程 识) 等
(1) sound,voice,noise
① sound ―声音‖,指耳朵能听到的各种声音。I heard the sound of the bell. ② voice ―声音‖,主要指人的声音。She has a beautiful voice. ③ noise 指―噪音‖。词组有:make a noise等。 (2) job, work
① job ―工作‖,是可数名词。
②work ―工作‖,可以作名词或动词;作名词表示―工作‖时是不可数的;作名词表示―著作‖时是可数的。
(3) a number of, the number of
① a number of 表示―大量的;许多‖,谓语动词用复数。 如:A number of persons are playing chess.
② the number of 表示―……的数量‖,谓语动词用单数。 (4) idea, advice
① idea 表示―主意‖,是可数名词。 如:a good idea 一个好主意 ② advice表示―建议;忠告‖,是不可数名词。如:a piece of advice (5) news, information, message, instruction
① news 表示―新闻;消息‖,是不可数名词。如:two pieces of news
② information 表示―信息;资料‖, 侧重信息的价值,是不可数名词。如: some information
③ message 表示―消息;音信‖,侧重信息的简短,是可数名词。 常用词组:leave a message(留言); give a message to…(捎口信给……)
④ instruction 表示―说明;须知;教导‖, 是可数名词。如:some instructions (6) house, family, home
① house 表示―住宅‖,指的是具体的房子或建筑物。 ② family 表示―家;家庭‖,也可指全体家庭成员。 ③ home 意为―家‖,带有眷恋等感情色彩。 (7) 部分单词作可数名词和不可数名词时的含义不同:
room 房间(可数);空间(不可数)。 glass玻璃杯(可数);玻璃(不可数)。 orange橙子(可数);橙汁(不可数)。 chicken小鸡(可数);鸡肉(不可数)。 time 次数(可数); 时间(不可数)。
名词
?考点
1:人称代词 、物主代词和反身代词
人称代词 主格 宾格 me us 物主代词 形容词性 my our 名词性 mine ours myself ourselves 反身代词 (1)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的基本变化形式 第一人称 单数 复数 I we 第二人称 单数 复数 you you he she it they you you him her it them your yours his her its their yours yours his hers its theirs yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves 第三人称 单数 单数 单数 复数 (2) 人称代词的用法: ① 主格通常放在动词前面。宾格一般放在动词或介词后面。 如:She is very friendly and we all like her. All of us are Chinese. ② 人称代词的排列:
单数:you, he and I(二、三、一) 复数:we, you and they(一、二、三)
(3) 物主代词译成―……的‖。形容词性物主代词+名词。名词性物主代词后面不能有名词,
如:This is my book = This book is mine. Their room is bigger than ours. (4) 反身代词意思是―本人,亲自‖。必须与被指代的人在人称和数上保持一致。
如:He can do it himself. They enjoyed themselves at the party yesterday.
反身代词常用词组:teach oneself = learn sth. by oneself 自学 ;enjoy oneself = have a good time / have fun doing 玩得开心; help oneself to sth. 请自便;随便吃; look after oneself = take care of oneself 照顾自己 ;say to oneself 自言自语;by oneself 独自地 ; dress oneself 给自己穿衣
考点2:指示代词、疑问代词和it 的用法
(1) 指示代词的形式:this(单数)—these(复数), that(单数)—those(复数) 如:This is my watch. That is his watch. These are my books. Those are his books.
打电话时,常用―that‖询问对方是―谁‖, 用―this‖介绍自己。 如:—Hello, is that Lucy? —Hello, this is Lucy.
(2 ) 疑问代词指人:who, whom, whose, which ;指物:what, which (3 ) it 的用法
① 指时间、天气或距离等
如:It's eight o'clock now. It's time for class. It's getting hotter and hotter. It's five miles from my home to the school. ② 指谈话双方都知道的或都不知道的人或事 如:—Who is knocking at the door?
—It must be Li Lei. He said he would come tonight. ③ 作形式主语或形式宾语