(11) look， see， read， watch 看
① look 看，强调动作。 ② see 看见，强调结果。
③ read 看，读，主要指看书、看报等。
④ watch 观看，注视，主要指观看电视、比赛等。 watch sb do / doing sth (12) say， speak， talk， tell 说
① say 一般要接说的内容。 Please say it in English. ② speak 主要指说某种语言。 He can speak English well. ③ talk 谈论。 talk about sth； talk with / to sb
④ tell 告诉，讲述。 tell sb sth / tell sb to do sth； tell a story； tell a lie (13)join， take part in 参加
① join 加入并成为其中的成员。 join the army / club ② take part in 参加某项活动。 take part in the sports meeting
语态
【满分点拨】 1．动词语态的分类
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
(1)主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：Many people speak English there.那儿很多人说英语。
(2)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动词的对象。如：Chinese is spoken by many people.汉语被很多人说。(Chinese是动词speak的承受者)
2．被动语态的构成
被动语态由―助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词(用done表示)‖构成。常见的4种时态的被动结构如下：
时态 一般 现在时 一般 过去时 一般 将来时 情态 被动结构 am/is/are＋done 例句 This kind of car is made in China.这种车是中国制造的。 The flying disk was invented by college students.这种飞碟游戏是大学生们发明的。 The bridge will be finished in a month.这座桥将在一个月内竣工。 Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制was/were＋done will/shall＋ be＋done 情态动词＋ 动词 be＋done 造。 3.主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)图示
(2)口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓语动词用被动。 (3)变换步骤：
①将主动句的宾语变为主语。
注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：Tom killed him．→He was killed by Tom.汤姆杀了他。
②将动词改为―be＋过去分词‖。
注意：be动词与新主语相一致，时态不变。如：They held a meeting yesterday.→A meeting was__held by them yesterday.他们昨天开会了 。
③将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。
注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。如He sang a song.→A song was sung by__him．他唱了一首歌。
【方法突破】
分析河北近5年考情发现，涉及语态的试题的选项中通常有两个主动和两个被动，并且有现在时态和过去时态。学生在做题时，可从以下角度入手分析：
判断句子是主动语态还是被动语态
读懂句意，确定主语，判断主语表示人还是物，主语是动作的执行者还是承受者。一般人作主语时，谓语动词用主动语态。当主语为人时，需根据句意及谓语动词判断该动作是否是主语发出：若为主语发出，用主动语态；若不是主语发出，用被动语态。物作主语的时候，谓语动词要用被动语态，由此可排除掉主动语态的选项。对于被动语态来说，试题主要是让大家找出谓语动作的执行者或承受者，这就要根据句子的意思进行判断，然后根据句中的时间状语做出正确选择。
确定句子的时态
被动语态的使用离不开时态，所以应根据句中的时间状语、上下文的暗示或发生动作的时态来分析判断应使用哪种时态的被动语态。再结合句意给出的时间状语或已发生动作的时态，选取对应的时态。
4．常见主动语态变被动语态的特殊结构
(1)含有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子，多把间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。如：Jack told us the truth.→We were told the truth by Jack.杰克告诉了我们真相。
(2)主动语态中有些感官动词(如：hear，see，watch，notice等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，要把不定式符号to还原。即：hear(see) sb.do sth.→sb. be heard(seen)to do sth.如：We heard the girl play the piano in the music classroom.→The girl was heard to play the piano in the music classroom.我们听见那女孩在音乐教室弹钢琴。
(3)主动语态中有些使役动词(如：make，let等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，同样要把不定式符号to还原。即：make sb.do sth.→sb. be made to do sth.如：The teacher makes his students do much homework every day.→His students are made to do much homework by the teacher every day.那位老师让他的学生每天做很多家庭作业。
5．不能使用被动结构的情况
(1)连系动词，如：look，feel，smell等，以主动形式表示被动含义。如：The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
(2)有些动词的主动形式表被动含义，如：need doing(需要做某事)，be worth doing(值得做某事)等。如：Your bedroom is in a terrible mess.It needs cleaning right now.你的卧室太乱了，需要马上清理一下。
(3)表示―发生‖的happen或take place，无被动结构。如：The story happened on a cold night.故事发生在一个寒冷的夜晚。
非谓语动词
非谓语动词是动词的形式，在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用。不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。分为动词不定式、动名词和分词三种。 考点1 动词不定式
(1) 构成： to ＋ 动词原形， 否定式：not to ＋ 动词原形
(2) 用法：常在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、目的状语和定语等。
① 作主语 如：To learn English well is very important
.= It’s very important to learn English well
② 作表语 如：My dream is to be a reporter. ③ 作宾语 如：I want to be an actor. I find it interesting to play basketball.
④ 作宾补 如：The teacher asked us to finish the homework in time. ⑤ 作目的状语 如：He went there to see his uncle. ⑥ 作定语 如：Would you like something to drink？ (3) 常考词组和句型：
① 后面常用动词不定式作宾语的词有： would like to do sth want to do sth (想要做某事) decide to do sth (决定做某事) (乐意做某事) plan to do sth (计划做某事) begin / start to do sth (开始做某事) pretend to do sth(假装做某事) hope to do sth (希望做某事) agree to do sth (同意做某事) learn to do sth (学会做某事) need to do sth (需要做某事) promise to do sth (答应做某事) refuse to do sth (拒绝做某事) used to do sth (过去常做某事) ② 后面常用动词不定式作宾补的词有： ask sb. to do sth. (叫某人做某事) allow sb. to do sth. (允许某人做某事) want sb. to do sth. (想要某人做某事) invite sb. to do sth. (邀请某人做某事) Encourage sb to do sth (鼓励某人做某事) ③ It代替动词不定式做形式主语和形式宾语。 （it….. to do ）
如：It's useful to learn a foreign language. (It代替动词不定式做形式主语) He found it difficult to finish the work by himself. (it代替动词不定式做形式宾语) 注意：It's important for us to study English well. 学好英语对我们来说是重要的。
(用介词―for‖，表示动词不定式与形容词有主谓关系)
It's clever of him to work out the problem. 他太聪明了，能算出了这道难题。 (用介词―of‖，表示of后面的名词或代词与形容词有主谓关系)
④ 特殊疑问词(what， when， which， where， who， how)＋ to do (why 除外)
如：I don't know when to go / where to go / which to buy.
She didn't tell me what to do / how to do it.
(4) 几个固定不定式的词组，常放在句首，作独立成分。
to one's surprise 使某人惊奇的是 to begin with 首先 to be honest 老实说 to tell the truth 说实话 考点2 省to 的动词不定式
(1) 使役动词和感官动词，带动词不定式做宾补时，主动语态时不定式省―to ‖, 被动语态时要补―to ‖
常考句型和词组：
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 see sb. do / doing sth tell sb. to do sth. (告诉某人做某事) wish sb to do sth (希望做某事) advise sb to do sth (建议某人做某事) expect sb to do sth (期待某人做某事) Teach sb to do sth (教某人做某事) Afford to do sth (负担得起做某事) Try to do sth (设法做某事) 看见某人/做了/ 正在做某事 let/have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 watch sb do / doing sth 观看某人做了/ 正在做某事 have sb. do sth. 请某人做某事 find sb do / doing sth. 发现某人做了/ 正在做某事 had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事 Hear sb do / doing sth. 听见某人做了/ 正在做某事 prefer to do rather than do sth. 宁愿做……而不愿 Why don’t you do …?=Why not do sth.？ 为什么不做……？ 考点3 动名词 （动词ing形式） (1) 结构： do＋ing
(2) 用法： 常在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、伴随状语和定语 ① 作主语 如：Doing sports is good for our health. ② 作宾语 如：I have finished reading the book.
③ 作宾补 如：I found him playing basketball on the playground just now. 后面常跟动名词作宾语的词有：
hear/find/see/watch/notice sb doing sth 听见/发现/看见/观看/注意到某人正在做某事 ④ 作伴随状语 如：The little boy sat under the tree alone， reading a story book. ⑤ 作定语 如：My father is watching TV in the living room. ⑥ 作表语 如：My hobby is playing football. (3) 常考词组和句型：
enjoy / like doing sth (喜欢做某事) keep doing sth (保持做某事) mind doing sth (介意做某事) finish doing sth (完成做某事) consider doing sth (考虑做某事) be busy doing sth (忙于做某事) have fun doing sth (玩得开心) 注意：所有的介词(in， at， for， of， from， up， about， to)后＋ doing，下列几个词组的“to”为介词
feel like doing sth (想要做某事) hate doing sth (讨厌做某事) spend time doing sth (花时间做某事) practise doing sth (练习做某事) can't help doing sth (禁不住做某事) be worth doing sth (值得做某事) have problems/trouble doing sth (做某事有困难) would rather do sth. than do sth. 宁愿做……而不愿 Would / could you please (not) do sth.？ 请你(不)……好吗？