need ① 做情态动词时，后接动词原形，否定形式：needn't (不必)。 ② 做实义动词时，后接 to do 或名词。 ③ need ＋ doing 表被动。 Today we needn't go to school because it is raining too heavily. I needn't buy the book ＝ I don't need to buy the book. The trees need watering. (树需要被浇水) = The trees need to be watered. 考点3 动词的时态 (1) 一般现在时
用法 标志词 表示习惯性或经常性发生的动作或状态，也可表示普遍真理和自然规律。 often， usually， sometimes， always，seldom , every day， twice a week， how often ① 主 ＋ 动词原形 肯定式 ② 主 ＋ 动词 (-s / -es) （主语是第三人称单数） ③ 主 ＋ am / is / are ＋ 表语 ① 主 ＋ don't ＋ 动词原形 否定式 ② 主 ＋ doesn't ＋ 动词原形 （主语是第三人称单数） ③ 主＋am not / isn't / aren't＋表语 ① Do ＋ 主 ＋ 动词原形？ ② Does ＋ 主 ＋ 动词原形？ 疑问式 （主语是第三人称单数） ③ Am / Is / Are ＋ 主 ＋ 表语？ ① Do they often ride a bike to school？ ② Does he usually walk to school？ ③ Are you free？ ① They don't often ride a bike to school. ② He doesn't usually walk to school. ③ He is not a student. ① They often ride a bike to school. ② He usually walks to school. ③ I'm a boy. (2)一般过去时 用法 标志词 表示过去习惯性或经常性发生的动作或状态。 yesterday， last week， ago， just now， in ＋过去的年份，the other day, this morning ① 主 ＋ 动词过去式 (-ed) ② 主 ＋ was / were ＋ 表语 ① We saw a film last night. ② She was a little girl 3 yeas ago. 肯定式 否定式 ① 主 ＋ didn't ＋ 动词原形 ② 主＋ wasn't / weren't＋表语 ① Did ＋ 主 ＋ 动词原形？ ② Was / Were ＋ 主 ＋ 表语？ ① We didn't see a film last night. ② I wasn't at school yesterday. ① Did you see a film last night？② Were you OK？ 疑问式 (3)一般将来时 用法 标志词 表示将要发生的动作或状态。 tomorrow， from now on， next year， this evening， tonight， in the future， soon， in＋一段时间， how soon will / shall ＋ 动词原形 第一种 (shall一般用于第一人称的疑问句，表建议) 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 第二种 主 ＋ will / shall ＋ 动词原形 主 ＋ won't ＋ 动词原形 Will ＋ 主 ＋ 动词原形？ be going to ＋ 动词原形 (强调计划或打算要做的事) —Shall we go to the movies ? — Good idea ! I will help you. She won't come. Will you help us？ We are going to have an English party this Saturday. 注意：① 短暂性动词的现在进行时表将来。常用词有come， go， arrive， leave 等。 如：The bus is coming. He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.
② 在when， until， if， as soon as， before， after， unless 等引导的时间或条件状语从句中，从句要用一般现在时表将来。
如：I will come to see you if I have time this Sunday.
You won't pass the exam unless you study harder.
(4) 现在进行时
用法 标志词 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 表示现在正在进行或发生的动作和状态。 now， look， listen， at eight， at the moment， be quiet， keep silent , all the time , these days , at present 主 ＋ be (am / is / are)＋ 动词-ing 主＋ am not / isn't / aren't ＋ 动词-ing Am / Is / Are ＋ 主 ＋ 动词-ing？ I'm listening to music. She isn't reading books. Are you playing games？ (5)过去进行时 用法 标志词 肯定式 表示过去某个时候正在进行或发生的动作和状态。 then， at that time， at this time yesterday， at eight last night， when， while 主＋ be (was / were)＋ 动词-ing He was listening to the radio when his mother came back. 否定式 疑问式 主＋ wasn't / weren't ＋ 动词-ing Was / Were ＋ 主 ＋ 动词-ing？ He was not listening to the radio then. Was he listening to the radio？ (6) 现在完成时 用法 标志词 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，或者对现在造成的影响。 for， since， ever， never， just， before， already， yet， in the past/last …years， so far， twice 主 ＋ have / has ＋ 动词的过去分词 主 ＋ haven't / hasn't ＋ 动词的过去分词 Have / Has ＋ 主 ＋ 动词的过去分词？ I have finished my homework. I haven't finished my work. Have you finished your work？ 注意：① for， since for ＋ 一段时间： I have worked here for a year.
since ＋ 时间点 / 句子 I have worked here since a year ago / since 2009.
I have worked here since I came here last year.
It is ＋一段时间 ＋ since ＋句子(一般过去时) It's a year since I worked here. ② already， yet
already 已经 (用于肯定句，放句中) I have already read the book. yet 还(用于否定句和疑问句，放句尾) I haven't read the book yet. ③ have/has been to， have/has gone to， have/has been in have/has been to 曾经去过某地(已返回) have/has gone to 去了某地(还没回)
have/has been in ＋一段时间 去或来到……(一直待在那儿) 如：—Have you been to Beijing？ —I have been there twice. —Where is Jim？ —He has gone to the library. My uncle has been in Shanghai for a week.
④ 短暂性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语( for , since , how long ) 连用
有些动词如come， go， arrive， leave， borrow， die， buy， join， begin， start， end等，它们不能和表示一段时间的状语连用在现在完成时态中。可以通过三种方法：第一改用一般过去时。第二改变动词，把这些短暂性动词改变成相对应的延续性动词，与表示一段时间的状语连用在现在完成时态中。第三改用句型―It is ＋一段时间 ＋ since ＋句子(一般过去时)‖来表示。
短暂性动词与延续性动词之间的转换：
come/go/arrive—be (in) leave—be away from borrow—keep die—be dead buy—have join—be a…/be in… open – be open
begin/start—be on end/ finish—be over close – be closed 如：1) 电影已经开始十分钟了。
The film began ten minutes ago. ＝ The film has been on for ten minutes. ＝ It's ten minutes since the film began. 2) 这只狗死了两天了。
The dog died two days ago. ＝ The dog has been dead for two days. ＝ It's two days since the dog died. 3) 这辆自行车他买了三年了。
He bought the bike three years ago. ＝ He has had the bike for three years. ＝ It's three years since he bought the bike. 4) 李明入团一年了。
Li Ming joined the League a year ago. ＝ Li Ming has been in the League for a year. ＝ Li Ming has been a League member for a year. ＝ It's a year since Li Ming joined the League. 5) 我们达到学校半小时了。
We arrived at the school half an hour ago. ＝ We have been in the school for half an hour. ＝It's half an hour since we arrived at the school. 6) ——这本书我能借多久？——你能借一个星期。 —How long can I keep the book？—You can keep it for a week. 【易混词辨析】
(1) arrive， get to， reach 到达
① arrive at ＋ 小地点/arrive in ＋大地点 My uncle arrived in Beijing yesterday. ② get to ＋ 地点 My uncle got to Beijing yesterday. ③ reach ＋ 地点；另外，reach还有―够到，达到‖之意 My uncle reached Beijing yesterday.
注意：如果动词后面接副词―home， here， there‖时， 则省略介词。如：come here，
arrive there， get home
(2) beat， win 赢，打败
① beat的宾语是对手，可以是物，也可以是人 (beat sb )；beat还可表示―用力击打‖或―(心脏)跳动‖等。
② win的宾语是赢来的东西或打赢的比赛或战争。 Class One won the basketball match. (3) borrow， lend， keep 借
① borrow 借进；常用词组：borrow…from I borrowed a book from him. ② lend 借出去；常用词组：lend…to He lent a book to me.
③ keep借；后面＋ 一段时间 You can keep the book for a week. (4) bring， take， fetch， get， carry 带，拿
① bring 拿来 (由远到近，单程)。 ② take 带走 (由近到远，单程)。
③ fetch ＝ get 去拿来 (由说话者所在地去别处拿东西再返回，双程)。 ④ carry 携带，运载，不表示带到何处。 (5) cost， pay， spend， take 花费
① cost常用句型： sth costs sb money ② pay 常用句型： sb pays money for sth
③ spend 常用句型： sb spends money on sth / sb spends time (in) doing sth ④ take 常用句型：It takes sb some time to do sth (6) dress， put on， wear， in
① dress ＋ 人，―穿，给……穿‖。 ② put on ＋ 衣服，―穿上‖，表动作。 ③ wear ＋ 衣服，―穿着，戴着‖，表状态。 ④ in ＋ 颜色/衣服，―穿着‖，表状态。 (7) look for， find， find out
① look for 寻找，强调动作。 ② find 找到， 强调结果。
③ find out 查明，找出 (经过调查，访问等努力之后发现事实)。 (8) listen to， hear， sound
① listen to 听， 强调动作。 ② hear 听见，强调结果。 ③ sound 听起来，后接形容词。 (9) look at， see， look
① look at 看，强调动作。 ② see 看见，强调结果。 ③ look 看起来，后接形容词。 (10) forget， leave , lose
① forget ―忘记‖，常用词组：forget to do / forget doing
② leave 短暂性动词，表示―离开‖； leave A for B 表示―离开A地去B地‖；还可以表示―遗忘，落下，丢下‖，后面接地点，而forget不可以。 leave sth somewhere 把某物落在某处。
③ lose 指不小心丢失某样东西。