毕业论文的目的和要求(3)

2019-05-17 10:38

词的解释。总表注用“Note”(“Note”用斜体,加上英语的句号)。具体表注是注释表格中的具体内容,在要注释的右上角表上小写字母。如果有几个项需要加具体注释,按照字母顺序从左到右标出。概率表注分别用1个星号、2个星号、3个星号表示。1个星号(*)表示 .05;2个星号(* *)表示 .01;3个星号(* * *)表示 .001.

10. 数字

? 英语论文中的数字如果数目小于10,一般用文字表示,如three, one等。如果数目大于10,一般用数字表示,例如11,13等。

? 当小于10的数与10或大于10的数一起连用时,这个数用数字表示。如:5 out of the 36 second-year students.

? 当小于10的数的绝对值用来代表时间、年龄、考试分数和等级时,一般用数字。如:They finished the test within 2 hours.

? 句子最好不要以数字开头,如果是,数字应拼写。 ? 分数以斜杠隔开,没有空格。如:2/3, 5/8。

? 除在句首外,可直接使用百分比符号“%”。如:The current rate of inflation is 2.3%.

? 日期使用“月-日-年”的顺序,在“年”前用逗号隔开。如:On July 22, 1989, the group met for the first time. 如果只有“月-年”,在“年”前不用逗号隔开。如:In January 1994 the mayor declared several snow days.

? 夹注和参考文献中的页码在连字符前、后须用完整的数字表示。如:121-124。 ? 数字的复数可在数字后直接在s。如:in the 1990s; between the 80s and 90s.

11. 拼写和符号 (1)连字符

? 如果复合形容词的意思比较清楚,就不用连字符。如:modifiable learner variables.

? 如果修饰名词的新词是自己新造出来的,最好使用连字符,以避免误解。如:different-word lists.

? 如果复合形容词出现在名词前,一般要用连字符。如:learner-centered classroom. 相反,如果复合形容词出现在名词后,一般不用连字符。如:The classroom is learner centered.

? 如果两个或更多的词共同修饰同一个词,最好保留连字符。如:long- and short-term training. (2)大写

? 当一个完整的句子放在冒号后,第一个词的第一个字母要大写。如:We can draw an inference from the findings: The approaches are ….

? 在论文和著作的标题中,实词以及含有4个字母或4个字母以上的虚词,如连词,需要大写。如果标题中包含带有连字符的复合词,两个单词都要大写。但这一规则不适用于引用文献。

? 当名词后跟一个数字或一个字母,表示某一顺序中的确切位置,这个名词的第一个字母要大写。如:Group A and Group B; in Table 2 and Figure 7.

12. 引文

(1)一般规则

? 引文40词以上,宜另起一行,成段引用,不加引号,首行从左边缩进5个空格。如有两段以上,第二段引文须再缩进5个空格。如:

Williams(1983) explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. Career is now so regularly used to describe a person?s progress in life....

Career appeared in English....(p.52) ? 诗2行以上,宜另起一行,不加引号,缩进5个空格,保留引文的空格、标点符号。如:

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In “Song of Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the diction and rhythm of natural speech. A child said What is the grass? Fetching it to me with full hands;

How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.

I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven. ? 引文40词以下

The following section will discuss empirical studies on learning strategies in terms of their findings and methodological problems. If we “review the whole of the learner-strategies research”, we have to say that the area is at an embryonic stage. Conflicting results and methodologies proliferate. There are few hard findings.”(Skehan, 1989, p.98)

? 诗2行以下,用斜杠将行与行分开,前后各空一格,保留引文的大写。如: In his “Hymn to Intellectual Bearty,”Shelly personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Folats though unseen amongst us.”

? 根据规定,可对引文作某些方面的修改而不作任何解释。至于其他改动,需要对改动的原因进行解释。如果要省略引文,在句中用3个小点的省略号,在两句之间用4个小点的省略号。如果要在引文添加一些内容,应该使用方括号,而不要使用圆括号。如果想强调引文的某一部分,可把它变成斜体。然后在下面加下划线,紧接着后面加上一个括号,括号内写明:italics added(斜体为作者添加)。如:

Rubin(1987) more explicitly states the importance of studying students?beliefs in her review of the research on learner strategies:

…to better understand how learner strategies come to be used, it is essential that we account for a

learner?s knowledge about language and his/her beliefs about the language and his/her beliefs about the language learning process[that is, his/her views about how learning can be successful.] because his

knowledge can form the basis for selecting and activating one strategy over another.(italics added)(p.19)

(2)引号的位置

? 直接引用时,引号应包含在冒号、分号之内,句号、逗号之外。如:

Wilde(1990) wrote that “unselfish people are colourles”; however, most would agree with William Gladstone that “selfishness is the greater curse of the human race.”(p.68)

? 直接引用时,如感叹号或问号属于引文的,引号则放在感叹号或问号之外;如感叹号或问号不属于引文的,引号则放在感叹号或问号之内。如:

What does Hamlet mean when he tells the players “to hold as?twere the mirror up to nature”? Hamlet asks himself, “Am I a coward?”

? 引文中已包含有双引号,在段中直接引用时,应将引文中的双引号改成单引号。如:

Because the French vetoed the European Defense Community, “the United States was no longer ?pushing on open doors,?and afterwards Washington conducted itself far more cautiously.”(Diebold, 1972, p.26)

? 引文中已包含有双引号,且引文在40词以上,须另起一行,成段引用时,双引号应保留。如:

McLuhan(1969) points out that the development of print led to the concept of perspective.

As the literal or “the letter” later became identified with light on through light…, there was also the

equivalent stress on “point of view” or the fixed position of the reader: “from where I am sitting.”(p.138)

13. 注释格式(夹注)

夹注可采用以下几种形式(其中“作者姓/名”表示引文或所依据的文献为英文作者的用其姓;为中文作者的用其姓名的汉语拼音形式,汉语拼音在参考文献中恢复为中文): (1)引证一部著作。

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? 引证中最简单的是间接引证一个作者的一部著作,需要把作者的姓(英文作者)/姓名的汉语拼音(下同)和出版年份放在括号中,姓和年份用逗号分开,如:

It has been argued that teachers? role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar successful results (Bloom, 1976).

? 如果作者的姓已出现在文本中,只需要在姓的后面用括号注明出版年份,如: Gagne (1977) also noticed that adult learners were affected by external instruction events.

? 直接引证一个作者的一部著作,如果作者的姓已出现在文本中,须在作者姓后夹注出版年份,页码放在引文之后,如:

Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of

interconnectedness—genealogical rather than ecological—and to illustrate both success and failures in the history

of life”(p. 14).

? 如果作者的姓没有出现在文中,则在引文末尾加作者姓、出版年份和页码,如:

Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness—genealogical

rather than ecological” (Gould, 1989, p.14).

? 如果在文中已出现作者的姓和出版年份,则不需用夹注,如:

In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin?s most effective metaphors.

? 如果一部著作有三至五位作者时,第一次引用时全部列出作者的姓,之后只需列出第一位作者的姓并加上 “et al”。

Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants(Millar, Straume, Chory, Chua, & Kay, 1995, p. 1165)....They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways(Millar, et al., 1995, p. 1165)....

? 如果一部著作有六位及以上作者时,只需列出第一位作者的姓并加上 “et al”。

Scientists have constructed a deletion map of the human chromosome (Vollrath et al., 1992).... ? 如果一部著作的作者为集体单位或组织时,只需列出集体单位或组织名称,如:

Retired officers retain access to all of the university?s educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1995, p.54).

(2) 引证两部及多部著作。

? 如果同一作者的两部或多部著作被引证,只需要写一次作者的姓,然后写上出版时间,其顺序是从过去到现在。

Empirical studies on student learning carried out since the 70?s have found that studies?learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, 1979, 1987).

The major controversies on L2 learning, as Stern (1973, 1983, 1992) says, center around three key issues. ? 如果在括号中引证的是不同作者的两部或多部著作,排列顺序要根据作者姓的字母。如:

One major finding from the earlier studies (Barley, 1969,1970; Clement et al., 1978; Gilksman, 1976) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement than those with an instrumental motivation.

? 如果引证两位作者的著作,将两位作者的姓列出,姓之间用“&”,在文中应用“and”,而不是“&”。如:

Sexual-selection theory has been used to explain patterns of insect mating (Alcock & Thornhill, 1983).... Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate....

(3) 其它

? 如果引用的文献只有标题,且来源于书本、报告、手册或期刊,应在书本、报告、手册或期刊名称下加下划线。如:

The National Endowment for the Humanities supports “theoretical and critical studies of the arts” but not

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work in the creative or performing arts (Guidelines, 1995, p.1). ? 如果引用的文献只有标题,且来源于一篇文章或章节时,则应加引号。如:

Changes in the Medical College Admissions Test to begin in 1991 are expected to encourage more students to pursue general studies in the humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences (“New Exam,”1989).

14. 参考文献 参考文献部分不要包括文中没有引用到的文献,但应将引用到的文献全部列出,不要遗漏。论文的参考文献应大多列入在文献综述的参考文献之中。

参考文献为独立的一页,次序在正文之后,与正文一同编页码,字号小于正文的字号,使用五号字。 参考文献中作者姓在前,名在后,且名仅为首字母,不用名的全拼。

(1)期刊、杂志、报纸

? 论文标题和副标题的第一个字母大写。不要给论文标题加下划线,也不要在论文题目上用双引号。 ? 期刊名称主要词的第一个字母要大写,然后在下面加下划线。

? 使用阿拉伯数字表示期刊的卷数。如果有期数,放在卷数后面的括号里。

? 必须使用阿拉伯数字表示论文的页码,把它放在卷数后面,如果有期数,就放在期数的后面。如: McLaren, P., & Estrada, K. (1993). A dialogue on multiculturalism and democratic culture. Educational Researcher, 22, 27-33. 吕叔湘、饶长溶,(1981),试论非谓形容词,《中国语文》第2期,81-85页。 ? 如果是杂志上文章,应列出卷数,年、月、日(如果有),页码。如:

Osborn, M. (1994, March 11). Status and prospects of women in science in Europe. Science, 263, 1389-1391.

? 如果是报纸上文章,应列出年、月、日,页码(用 “p.”表示)。如:

Morain, D. (1993, June 7). Poor counties hit hardest by budget cuts. The Los Angeles Times, p. A1. ? 如果杂志或报纸上文章没有署名,直接以文章题目开始。如:

New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times, p. B10. ? 如果报纸上文章出现在不同版,则要分别列出,并以逗号隔开。如:

Broad, W. J. (1989, March 14). Flight of shuttle begins flawlessly. The New York Times, pp.A1, C7. (2)著作

? 书名第一个单词、副标题的第一个单词和专有名词的首字母大写,不使用页码,须加出版地、出版社,并以冒号隔开。如:

Nagel, P. C. (1992). The Lees of Virginia: Seven generations of an American family. New York: Oxford University Press.

王力,(1980),《音韵学初步》。北京:商务印书馆。 ? 如引用是再版,应注明是第几版。如:

Dreyfus, H. (1989). What computers can?t do (2nd ed.). New York: Haper & Row. ? 如引用是编著,在主编的姓名后加“Ed.”或 “Eds.”(多位编者)。如:

Stanton, D. C. (Ed.). (1987). The female autograph: Theory and practice of autobiography from the tenth to the twentieth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

? 如引用编著书目中的一篇论文或其中一个章节,当主编的姓名不在条目的开头位置时,姓和名不要

倒置;所引页码放在书名后的括号里。如:

Burghardt, G. M. (1984). On the origins of play. In P. K. Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 5-42). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

朱炯强,陆萍,(2004), 论西格尔及其爱情小说。载郭继德主编,《美国文学研究第二辑》,济南:

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山东大学出版社,92-104。

? 如引用是译著,在标题后用括号注明译者名(initial of first name)的首字母和姓 (family name)。如: Derrida, J. (1976). Of grammatology (G. Spivak, Trans.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (3)互联网资料 基本格式:(作者的姓,名),更新年份.书名或篇名.Retrieved 下载月日,年份,from 网址. 注意:书

名、杂志和期刊名要加下划线。没有标明作者的网络文章用“anonymity”(佚名)。网址后不加任何符号。如:

? 引自电子书籍:

Bryant, P.(1999). Biodiversity and Conservation .Retrieved October 4, 1999, from

http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm

? 引自电子期刊:

Fine, M., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on

faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141-1147.Retrieved June 7, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/kurdek.html

? 引自电子杂志:

Adler, J. (1999, May 17). Ghost of Everest. Newsweek. Retrieved May 19, 1999, from

http://newsweek.com/nw-srv/issue/20_99a/printed/int/socu/so0120_1.htm

? 引自佚名:

Anonymity. (2003). Northrop Frye. Retrieved May 19, 2005, from

http://www.northropfrye.com/aboutfrye.htm

? 引自机构:

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2004, April 28). What are genetically modified foods? Retrieved February

23, 2005, from

http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/biotech/safsal/gmoogme.shtml

? 引自汉语文献:

王河师,(2005),论英语学术论文的写作规范。2006年10月10日下载自

http://www.jwc2.hbu.edu.cn/english/bkpg/szdw.doc

15. 例句

例句编号用(1)或(1)a的形式;例句较多时,宜按顺序用(1)(2)(3)…将之编号。每例另起,空5个空格,回行时与上一行例句文字对齐。

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