No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job.
Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things.
Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.
How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.
Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs.
Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.
A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention.
A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.
43. The writer makes up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright in order to __________.
16
A. explain the origin of advertising B. predict the future of advertising C. expose problems in advertising D. provide suggestions for advertising 44. In ancient Egypt, a crier was probably someone who __________. A. owned a ship
B. had the loudest voice
C. ran a shop selling goods to farmers
D. functioned like today’s TV or radio commercial
解析：43. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中的 “No one knows for sure when advertising first started.”及第二段中的 “Let’s take a man...for example”可知，作者举这两个例子是为了阐述广告的起源，所以答案为A项。
44. D。推理判断题。从全文最后一段中的 “His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.”可知，古代埃及的crier如同现在社会电视和广播中的商业广告。所以答案为D项。
误区警示： 三种特点须知晓 熟记巧避干扰项 推理判断题的干扰项的设置通常有以下特点：
第一，它和文章的内容之间有一点点的区别，而考生往往忽略了这些细微的区别； 第二，干扰项和文章的内容一模一样，但是仔细看题干就会发现题干问的重点和干扰项是不相关的；
第三，干扰项和文章的某些内容一样，属于文中已言明的事实，是不需要推理的。而推理判断题的推理要以原文为依据，再进行适度引申。 2. 张冠李戴
即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起：题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。 3. 偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。 ...
Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning. I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. Eventually, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away.
Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents' when Mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn't my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. \You'll recognize this one,\
Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside.
The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do
17
some redecorations, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it, they realized who owned the ring. They'd had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. And it still fits me.
58. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. The writer's family moved several times.
B. The writer never stopped looking for her ring.
C. The writer's ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.
D. The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.
解析：A。根据选文第一段可知，作者在丢失戒指两年后搬了一次家，又依据选文第二段首句可知数年后，作者又搬了两次家，故A项正确；B项与选文第一段倒数第二句不符；依据倒数第二段可知，清洗戒指的是jeweler而不是房屋买家，故C项错误；D项与选文第一段第二句不符。 4. 无中生有
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。再其次，干扰项也可能与文章内容没有任何联系。 5. 鱼目混珠
鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义。 6. 扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文章范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。 ...
After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate（巨头）Aristotle Onassis, Jacqueline’s close friend and former White House social secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career（职业）in publishing. After consideration, Jacqueline accepted it. Perhaps she hoped to find there some idea about how to live her own life. She became not less but more interested in reading. For the last 20 years of her life, Jacqueline worked as a publisher’s editor, first at Viking, then at Doubleday, pursuing（追求）a late-life career longer than her two marriages combined. During her time in publishing, she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books. Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes. She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyer’s and Jose Campbell to transform their popular television conversations into a book, The Power of Myth. The book went on to become an international best-seller. She dealt, too, with Michael Jackson as he prepared his autobiography（自传）, Moonwalk. Jacqueline may have been hired for name and for her social relations, but she soon proved her worth. Her choices, suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing firms and to Jacqueline herself. In the books she
18
selected for publication, she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind. Her books are the autobiography she never wrote. Her role as First Lady, in the end, was overshadowed by her performance as an editor. However, few knew that she had achieved so much. 1. We can learn from the passage that Jacqueline _________ A. because fond of reading after working as an editor B. was in charge of publishing 100 books
C. promoted her books through social relations D. gained a lot from her career as an editor 2. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Jacqueline’s two marriages lasted more than 20 years B. Jacqueline’s own publishing firm was set up eventually
C. Jacqueline’s views and beliefs were reflected in the books she edited D. Jacqueline’s achievements were widely known. 解析：1. D。2. C。第一题，依据文章第二段前四句话可知A项错误；依据第二段第六句话可知B项错误；依据文章最后一段前半部分可知C项错误。依据文章最后两段的叙述可知当编辑使他受益颇多，她取得了巨大的成就，故D项正确。第二题，由文章第二段第五句话可知，她的两次婚姻加起来不超过20年，故A项错误；由文章第二段第五句和第三段第一句可知，她是被雇佣的，而非自己当老板，故B项错误；依据文章最后一段最后一句可知，D项错误。依据文章最后一段尤其是第三句和第四句话可知C项正确。其中第一题中的B项及第二题中的A项都属于扩缩范围的干扰项，考生在解题时应多加注意。 解题策略 六种策略在手 排除干扰无忧 策略1 异曲同工
为了给考生解题设置障碍，命题者一般不会照搬原文的词、句。即使答案可以在文中找到，考生也需要在理解选项和文中词、句的基础上做出判断。 策略2 顺应主旨
一篇好的文章，其内容和结构都是经过周密安排的，按一定顺序排列的所有语句都是为文章主旨服务的。因此，考生只有确定了文章主旨才能对选出正确答案更有把握。 策略3 中庸之道
干扰项有一个重要特点，即选项表述的内容往往言过其实。正确选项也有一个特点，即通常把一种说法控制在一定的限度和范围之内，这就是中庸之道。 策略4 回归定位
有些选项是利用原文内容张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、断章取义、以偏概全、颠倒是非、混淆视听，有些则完全是凭空捏造出来的。所以，在做阅读理解题时，考生要回归原文，紧紧围绕文章内容，做出正确判断。 策略5 转折词定位
在阅读过程中，特别值得考生注意的是转折词，如but, yet, however等。这些词后往往有解题所需要的重要内容，因此考生可以利用这些词在文中定位有效信息。 策略6 常识排除
有些选项是根据文章内容或个别词、句设计出的干扰项，仔细揣摩考生会发现其中一些是不符合逻辑的，这样考生可以根据常识直接排除干扰项，提高解题效率。
四. 猜测词义题
对单词、短语意思的猜测主要依据它所在段落的内容进行。如果该段落比较短，信息
19
量不足，那么与之相邻的上下两个段落的内容就成为猜词义的重要依据。 1. 词义猜测题常用的提问方式： 1) The word “?” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _______. 2) The word “?” is most likely to mean ______.
3) What do you think the expression “?” stands for? 4) The underlined word “?” means ______ 2. 猜测词义的方法
(1) Definition 定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。
① It will be very hard but very brittle — that is, it will break easily. ② The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. (2) Contrast 对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表示对比关系的词（短语）猜测词义。 ① Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented. ② She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
(3) Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或短语猜测词义。
Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. (4) Cause and effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。 ①One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.
②That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. (5) Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as等。
Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.
(6)Word Formation 构词法：中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：
①super- ②mini- ③micro- ④re- ⑤mis- ⑥im- ⑦un- ⑧in- ⑨non- ⑩-able ⑾-less ⑿-wards
Can you guess the right meanings? microwave nonnatural mispronounce homeless
nonsmoker rebuild eastwards (7) Context联系上下文法：利用语境及前后文的提示来猜测词义。
①He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understand anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Miley had had a very bad accident.
A. see clearly B. understand C. expect
②Tom saw an owl in a tree last night but it flew away when he got near． A. a bird B. an animal C. a star
③The children are looking at a large, hairy ape at the zoo． A. a kind of monkey B. a kind of tree C. a kind of bird
(8) Common Sense 常识法：在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自己直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，在遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。
根据语境猜测划线单词在句中的意思 When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anesthetic
20