to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. [即学即练]
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to? A. Using too much packaging. B. Recycling too many wastes.
C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed. (9)通过标点符号，如起解释说明作用的破折号等，或通过信息词，如that is, that is to say, stand for, in other words等猜测词义。
五. 篇章结构题
学习导航：把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章主题。在近几年的高考英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题。在《考试说明》中也明确要求考生 “理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的机构。 重点1 按段落的组织方法理解文章的机构 主要设题形式：
Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
According to sociologists(社会学家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层)．Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used
classification is lower class，middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class. Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!
Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power，but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however. For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class. Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U．S.Senate!
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so. For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
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Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
(P: Paragraph)
解析：选A。篇章结构题。文章第一段总述了三个方面(class，power，status)在定义阶层中的作用，第二段(class)、第三段(power)和第四段(status)分别叙述了它们的作用，文章结构为“总—分”式，所以选择A项。 知识链接：掌握解题方法方能知文章结构
1. 平时阅读时养成良好的概括能力；2. 把握各段的要点；3. 掌握常见的写作方法（时间顺序、空间顺序、例证关系、对比关系等）和结构（总——分、总——分——总、分——总等）；4. 结合不同文体全面考虑问题。
重点2 按写作手法（论证方法）理解文章的结构 作者可采用不同的方法来组织文章，如： 1. 时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究由过去至现在的发展情况。 2. 空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序（从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等）进行描写或说明。
3. 举例：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等。
4. 对比或类比：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。 主要设题形式：
The passage is mainly developed by _______.
What is the right order of the steps in doing ______? The second paragraph is developed by _______. The author develops the passage mainly by ______.
How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2?
When international aid is given, steps must be taken to ensure (确保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended. The way to achieve this may not be simple. It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation. The United Nations Organization (UNO) could undertake to direct the
distribution of aid. Here however rises the problem of costs. Also tied with this is time. Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.
More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster; it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times. A common proverb says, “Give me a fish and I eat for day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves. For example, a country could share its technology with another. This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even small country is able to help less developed nations. Sometimes what is take for granted, like the
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setting up of a water purification plant or the administration of a school, could be useful for countries which are looking about to solve common problems. It does not cost much to share such simple things. Exchange students could be attached for a number of months or years and learn the required craft while on the site. They can then take their knowledge back to their homelands and if necessary come back from time to time to clear doubts or to update themselves. Such aid will be truly helpful and there is no chance of it being temporary or of it falling into the wrong hands. ...
The second paragraph is developed mainly _________. A．by example
B．by process
C．by comparison
D．by contrast
解析：A。篇章结构题。作者在第二段先引用一句谚语，然后通过例子来阐述。由此可以推断出第二段是通过举例子来展开描述的。所以选A项。 难点速通 ：掌握分析文章结构的技能
由于文章结构分析题出现得相对较少，而且某些省份或地区的阅读理解题还没有设置过这种题型，这就导致考生对该类题不够重视。而且，大部分考生在阅读文章的时候，主要把注意力集中在文章的主旨大意和细节理解上，忽视了文章的整体结构。考生要想准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的脉络，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。这样在阅读文章时考生就要发挥自己的逻辑思维能力，把握文章的写作思路，以便准确答题。
Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.
The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn’t become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.
But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren’t going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.
In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same lime, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.
How is the last paragraph mainly developed? A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons. C．By following time order.
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D．By making classifications.
解析：C。篇章结构题。根据最后一段中的 “mid-1700s” “1820s” “1846”和 “1967”可知，整个段落是按时间顺序展开说明的。 帮你归纳： 1.表达方式：
叙述、说明、议论、描写和抒情 2. 说明方法：
列数字、举例子、作比较、打比方、摹状貌、画图表、下定义、分类别、作诠释、引资料和作假设
3. 说明顺序：
时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序
六. 提分技巧
把握高考英语阅读理解五大常考考点，提高答题准确率 第一点：开头结尾常考
① 记叙文开头交待文章的时间、地点、人物关系，结尾往往总结出文章的主旨或有几句含金量很高的句子，可以成为推断题、细节题的最佳位置。
② 说明文开头总写，每段第一句话总写该段段意，最后一段下结论，总结全文。 ③ 议论文开头引出话题抑或提出论点，最后一段总结论点。
从中可以看出，无论是记叙文、说明文还是议论文，文章中最重要的段落，往往是开头结尾，所以对于开头结尾我们一定要认真理解，尤其是文章中最后一段的最后一句话。
第二点：因果关系常考
一篇文章中出诸如because/for/since/so/as a result等表示原因抑或结果的词引导的语句，往往含金量非常高，出题老师常会从此处出细节题。
第三点：转折关系常考
我们在听力中经常听到某个男孩子约女孩子出去玩，女孩子一般回答。I’d love to, but I am busy now.显然强调的不是I’d love to而是but I am busy now.阅读中也是一样，出现but/however/whereas等表示转折的词引导的语句往往极易成为细节题的出题点。 第四点：比较关系常考
关于这点同学们平时注意得很少，但如果同学们回去看一看你们考过的卷子就会发现，出现比较关系的地方，十之八九都会有考题出现，当然这里所说的比较关系既包括了比较级也包括了最高级。比较关系常涉及几个事物之间的比较，能够很好地说明事物的特征，这样的句子，极易得到出题老师的青睐。
第五点：数字关系常考 文章中的数字常常表明时间、特征量间的数量关系，对于说明事物特征而言具有文字所达不到的特殊作用。
阅读理解猜答案的方法
一．绝对词否决法;答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。 二．怀疑词判断法：选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。
三．关键词对应法
选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。
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四．锅盖法：
较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。
A. to be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems
C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill
B“解决技术问题”；C“深化专业”；D“发展职业技能”。这三项表达的意思都比较具体，而A项则概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D三项内容。选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。
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