must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.
建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。 （3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections.
一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。
（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.
然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。
（5）All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.
目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。
（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.
若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。
（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对 有害) to tall
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structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical. 由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。 （8）A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake
分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。
（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure
其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力。
（10）Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs.
虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. （1）作用在结构上的力被称为荷载。
The forces that act on a structure are called loads.
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（2）恒载就是固定不变的荷载，包括结构自身的重量。
Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself,
（3）活载不是恒载那样固定不变的活载，活载也可以是重力荷载。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead. loads.
（4）建筑规范不规定设计方法，但规定必须满足的设计要求和强制条件。
Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the design
requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.
（5）与建筑规范不同，设计规范对结构构件及其连接的设计做了详细的指导。
In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the
design of structural members and their connections. Unite 4
2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）Sustained load 长期荷载 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝胶体
（3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of
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the structure结构稳定
（5）The expansion joint 伸缩缝 （6）Moisture content 含水量
（7）Cement paste 水泥浆
（8）The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系
（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性应变 （10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲劳强度 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.
(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads.
混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应，温度以及施加荷载的变化。
(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.
高早强和低热水泥显示超过普通硅酸盐水泥收缩。
(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料含量越大，收缩越小。
(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.
因此，当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。
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(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.
一般来说，在硬化过程中初期率很高，但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。
（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years.
持续负荷下，塑性变形继续发展一段时间，可能持续数年。 (7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load. 与标本中增加的压力增大制成的蠕变相同强度混凝土和时间相同的负载
与标本中的压力相同强度的混凝土，并与负荷增加同一时间作出蠕变增加
(8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air 蠕变的减少是由于在周围的空气湿度增加
(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.
蠕变是一个经过测试的试件尺寸增大而减小.
(10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.
高温蒸汽作为增塑剂正确使用混凝土养护将减少蠕变量. 5、Translate the following sentence into English.
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