（1）如果通过蒸发失去水分，混凝土就会收缩，但在水中硬化则会膨胀。
If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸发),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete
hardens in water, it expands.
（2）影响混凝土收缩的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的级配以及环境条件等。
Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water content、
gradation(等级) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。 （3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收缩量则越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage.
（4）混凝土不是热的良导体，而钢筋是。
Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.
（5）在荷载作用期间，大约80%的徐变产生在前4个月内，大约2年后完成90%的徐变。
Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4
months;90%occurs after about 2 years. Unite 5
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2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）building code 建筑规范 （6）随机变量 random variation
（2）stochastic analyse 随机分析 （7）半经验公式 semiempirical equation
（3）multistory building 多层建筑 （8）风洞荷载 wind tunnel testing
（4）code-prescribed data 规范规定的数值 （9）持续活荷载 sustained live load
（5）transient live load 瞬时活荷载 （10）名义值 nominal value
3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.
(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load).
该建筑代码加载历来给出标准值，根据材料的性质（如，恒载）或负载调查（如，活荷载和雪荷载）的基础上确定。
(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(严格来讲), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(随机分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依赖).
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由于载荷的随机变化是时间的函数以及一系列其他因素，造型数量，严格来说，应考虑到利用随机分析，以反映时间和空间互相依赖。 (3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use a 30-year interval 例如，美国活载标准是根据50年的基准期，而加拿大的标准使用30年的间隔。
(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半经验公式).
建筑规范视这些影响为静态现象，并通过半经验方程与实际情况相联系。
(5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different materials, depending on the type of load.
但是，建筑物的反应，将针对不同的材料不同，这取决于负载类型。 (6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般说明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.
有许多类型的负载，可能对建筑物结构法在同一时间或其他，本节提供了一种通用的描述的最重要的特点。
(7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on.
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静载重不仅包括自身的结构重量，而且还有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊顶材料，机械和其他设备的重量，等等
(8)Live load, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久设施)
活载，更准确的重力活荷载，即通常是结构上的负荷，不属于永久性设施的一部分荷载的使用名称。
(9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-time live load.
在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载也被称作任一点时活荷载。 (10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger.
在任意时刻结构上的活荷载一般是低于规范值的，（根据）最高寿命（50年）（确定的）活荷载可能有一定数量的扩大。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1) 对某些荷载来说，结构的地理位置起重要作用。
The geographical location(地理位置) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads.
(2) 风荷载既不是静荷载也不是均匀变化的荷载，并且除了受周围结构和地形影响外还受结构几何形状的严重影响。
At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying,
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and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景观). (3) 风荷载和雪荷载可根据模型试验来确定。
Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests. (4)特殊荷载及荷载效应包括温度变化、结构地基沉降、冲击和爆炸的影响。
Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(温度变化), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞击), and blast(爆炸).
(5)至少在理论上，结构上的恒载被认为是保持不变的。
In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant. Unite 6
2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）the magnitude of the applied load 所施加负荷的大小 （6）悬挂结构 suspension structure
（2）quasi-static loading 拟静力荷载 （7）应力应变成正比 stress is proportional to strain
（3）planar loading 平面结构 （8）结构的变形 the deformation of the structure
（4）planar loading 面荷载 （9）分析模型 analytical model
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