(6)Terzaghi assumed that both the soil particles and the pore water are incompressible. Therefore, the magnitude of the settlement is related directly to the change in volume of the voids, and the rate of settlement in a saturated soil is governed by the rate pore water escapes from the voids.
太沙基假定土壤颗粒和孔隙水两者都是不可压缩的。因此，沉降的大小与孔洞的体积的变化有直接的关系，在饱和土中沉降的速率取决于孔隙水从孔洞的逸出速率。
(7)Soil is a particulate material, so its stress-strain properties are much more complex than those of other more familiar materials such as steel.
土壤是一种颗粒物质，所以其应力-应变性质的复杂性远大于其他更熟悉的材料,如钢材料。
(8)The process of consolidation is intimately tied with the buildup and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the corresponding changes in effective stress.
固结过程是与超孔隙水压力的形成和消散以及相应的有效应力的改变密切相关的。
(9)The test procedure and methods of correcting the test results to compensate for sample disturbance are described in Chapter 4. 修改实验结果以弥补样品干扰的试验过程和方法在第四章中描述。 5、Translate the following sentence into English.
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（1）不排水模量（Eu）在某一深度处可假设为弹性模量，因而可用弹性理论进行沉降估算。
The untrained stiffness（Eu）can be assumed as an elastic constant for a given depth and so estimates can be obtained using elastic theory. （2）本章的其余大部分都用来详细研究固结过程和估计其所引起的沉降的方法。
A large part of the remainder(剩余) of the chapter is devoted to(专注于) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(评价) resulting(产生) settlements.
（3）在有些岩石和土体中，地下水的运动可以溶解岩土体填充物中的胶结矿物。
In certain rocks and soils the mineral cement(矿物成分) in the matrix(基岩) may be dissolved(溶解) due to groundwater movement. （4）经常导致严重的、甚至是灾难性建筑破坏的常见基础位移与基础旁的深孔开挖有关。
A common form of foundation movement, often leading to serious, even catastrophic(灾难性的), building failure is associated with(与有关) the excavation of deep holes alongside the foundation.
（5）如上所诉，有些黏土含水量的降低将引起体积的减小，因此降低后的地下水位以上的土体会收缩。
In some clay, as discussed above, a decrease in moisture content will result in a decrease in volume. The soil above the reduced groundwater
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level may therefore shrink. Unite 8
2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）chemical composition 化学成分 （6）应力-应变曲线 stress-strain curve
（2）cold working 冷加工 （7）拉伸断裂 tensile fracture
（3）normal distribution curve 正态分布曲线 （8）热处理 heat treatment
（4）local damage 局部破坏 （9）反复荷载 repeated loads
（5）brittle fracture 脆性破坏 （10）变幅应力循环 variable amplitude stress cycle
3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.
（1）The important mechanical properties of most structural steels under static load are indicated in the idealized tensile stress-strain diagram shown in Fig.8.1.
在静态荷载下的大部分结构钢的重要力学性能是用图8.1的理想的拉伸应力-应变曲线表示 。
(2)The values of E vary in the range 200000-210000Mpa, and the approximate value of 200000Mpa is often assumed.
E的值在200000-210000Mpa之间波动，一般假定逼近值为
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200000Mpa。
(3)Beyond this limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in stress until the strain-hardening strain εst is reached.
超过这个极限，刚的塑性流变不增加任何应力,直到达到应变硬化的εst值。
(4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress Fy.
应变速率会影响屈服应力，高的应变速率会增加高的屈服应力或产生第一个屈服应力值，同样可以增大低的屈服应力Fy。
(5)For design purposes, a “minimum’ yield stress is identified for each different steel classification.
从设计角度看，对于不同的钢材类别可以由相应的最小屈服应力值来识别。
(6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield stress.
因此，独立的测试结果很可能显著地高于引用的屈服应力。 (7)Perhaps the most generally accepted theory of two-dimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory.
或许大多数普遍接受的在双轴应力下的二维屈服理论是最大的变形能量理论。
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（8）Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce as smooth a ‘stress flow’ through the joint as is practicable.
节点应当布置得使应力集中减少到最小，以使通过节点的‘应力流’尽可能平滑。
(9)Brittle fracture is initiated by the existence or formation of a small crack in a region of high local stress.
脆性破坏的产生是由于在局部应力高度集中的区域存在或形成小裂缝。
(10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous.
高度局部应力促使裂缝的产生，因此由于差的几何形状和荷载布置(包括冲击载荷)而产生的应力集中是危险的。 5、Translate the following sentence into English.
(1)通常认为单向拉伸确定的屈服应力Fy单向压缩也正确。 The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial compression.
（2）显著影响疲劳强度的因素有荷载循环次数、荷载循环中的应力幅以及局部应力集中的大小。
Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load
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cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations. （3）疲劳设计出考虑容许应力外还应考虑节点的位置。
Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress.
（4）结构钢不总是表现出延性特性，在有些情况下，即使名义拉应力很低，突然的、灾难性的断裂也会发生。
Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low.
（5）结构刚的延性取决于钢材的组成、热处理方法和钢材的厚度，并且随温度和应变率的变化而变化。
The ductility of a structural steel depends on its composition, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.
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