（5）plastic material 塑性材料 （10）弹性材料 elastic material
3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.
(1)Furthermore, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible, and aesthetically pleasing fulfillment of a function that dictates(指示) the form, material, and manner of loading of a structure.
此外，满足结构安全性、适用性、可行性以及美观这一功能的需要决定了结构的形式，材料和加载方式。
(2)Fig.6.1 illustrates schematically(按图说明) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form and material and loading on the structure, the behavior of the structure ,and the analytical model of the structure.
图6.1说明：结构要实现的功能、形式、材料、结构上的荷载、结构的性能以及结构分析模型之间的关系。
(3)At this point(此时此刻) we need to discuss some of the aspects of structural behavior indicated in Fig.6.1 and to explain their respective relationships to the form and material of the structure.
此时此刻，我们需要讨论图6.1中表示出来的结构性能的某些方面，并且解释结构的形式和材料之间各自的关系。
(4)Materials may be classified as elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic. 材料可分为弹性，塑性，或粘弹性。
(5)The deformations of viscoelastic materials depend on time and
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therefore load history, whereas the deformations of elastic and plastic materials do not.
粘弹性材料的变形取决于时间和先前的加载历史,然而弹塑性材料的变形却不是。
(6)Energy is generally lost if a system does not recover its initial shape after unloading owing either to plastic behavior of the material or to frication forces within or between parts of the structure .
如果一个结构体系在卸载之后不能恢复到原先的形状，则能量一般会丢失，原因是材料的塑性性能，或结构各部分内部或之间的摩擦力。 (7)All these behavioral aspects of the structure will have a significant influence on the nature of the analysis used in studying the structure. 所有结构的这些性能方面将对研究结构分析的本质产生重大影响。 (8)In addition, in developing the analytical model it will be necessary to consider whether the structural material is homogeneous(均匀的) or nonhomogeneous and whether it is isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic
此外，在发展分析模型中，将有必要考虑结构材料是否是均匀的，或者是非均匀的，以及它是否是各向同性，正交异性，或各向异性。 (9)However, it is important to recognize at the outset(起初) that the concepts that will be presented can be extended to the solution of many other classes of structural problems, including those involving(涉及) dynamic response(动力响应), material and geometric
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nonlinearities, inelasticity, instability, and continuous systems. 然而，一开始就要认识到提出的概念可以延伸到许多其他各种类型的结构性问题的解决方法，这些问题包括涉及动力响应，材料和几何非线性，非弹性，失稳和连续的体系。
(10)Loads usually need be treated as dynamic only if they are periodic in nature or they are applied very suddenly.
只有荷载本质上是定期或者施加很突然时，则荷载通常需要被视为动态的。
5、Translate the following sentence into English.
（1）结构的分类有多种方法，普通观察者会首先根据它们各自的功能把结构分为房屋、桥梁、船舶、塔架等等。
Structures can be classified in a variety of way. The casual observer(临时观测人) might first consider classifying structures(把建筑分级) according to their respective functions(各自功能): buildings, bridges, ships, aircraft, towers, and so on.
（2）结构设计中，需要考虑的是结构的安全性、适用性和可行性。 In structural design, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible. （3）如果结构对荷载的反应，比如一点的位移，与施加的荷载大小成正比，则结构为线性的。
A structure is linear if its response to loading, say displacement at a point, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied load. （4）各向同性材料的物理性能在任一点的所有方向是相同的。
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The physical properties of homogeneous materials are the same at each point.
（5）结构的性能通常是很难清除描述的，因为结构的材料既不是线性或非线性的，也不是弹性或塑性的。
the picture of structural behavior is generally not so clear as that just painted. That is, materials are not either “linear” or “nonlinear” and “elastic” or “plastic”. Unite 7
2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .
（1）untrained settlement 不排水沉降 （6）极限承载力 ultimate bearing capacity
（2）bearing capacity 承载能力 （7）瞬时沉降 immediate settlement
（3）site investigations场地调查，场地勘探 （8）表面超载 surface surcharge
（4）brick and masonry construction 砖石建筑（9）静水压力 hydrostatic pressure
（5）lateral support 侧向支撑
3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.
(1)Most building damage that occurs because of foundation movement occurs when unforeseen(不可预见的) soil conditions arise; inadequate site investigations(实地勘测) and a lack of understanding of soil
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behavior are largely the root causes(根本原因).
大多数建筑物损坏的出现是由于基础运动发生不可预见的土壤条件出现时;不足的现场调查（实地勘测）和缺乏对土的性能的了解是最大的根本原因。
(2)In heavily over consolidated clays, therefore, since the yield point will be very high, settlement calculations can be based on elastic theory, using parameters referred to effective stresses.
在超固结土中，由于屈服点将会很高，因此沉降计算可以基于弹性理论，使用与有效应力有关的参数。
(3)A large part of the remainder(剩余) of the chapter is devoted to(专注于) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(评价) resulting(产生) settlements.
本章的其余大部分都用来详细研究固结过程和估计其引起的沉降的方法。
(4) The radial extent(径向伸长) of some tree root systems is greater than the height of the tree; they may also reach depths of several meters.
一些树根体系的径向伸长比树的高度更大，它们也可能达到数米深处。
(5)One of the most important soil properties in the context of foundation engineering is its compressibility 基础工程方面最重要的土壤特性之一是它的压缩。
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