反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分 用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式 两部分的人称和时态要一致.
反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用 降调;把握不大时,用降调. The weather here is very cold,isn't it? You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要 用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意. 如:He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去参加会是吗? Yes,he is.不,他要去的. No ,he isn't.对他不起. 2.感叹句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句多用how和what引起.how 和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语 中谓语常省略 (1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.
如: How cold it is today! How delicious they are! How beautiful the flowers are! How I miss you!
(2)what作定语,修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).
如: What a good idear! What a beautiful day! What a happy woman!
感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的 主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold! Wonderful! （三） 一、动词(Verbs)
1.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense) (1)现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例，将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语列表如下： 肯定式
I/You have worked。 He/She/It has worked。 We/You/They have worked。 否定式
I/You have not worked。 He/She/It has not worked。 We/You/They have not worked。 疑问式和简略回答
Have I/you worked？Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。 Has he/she/it worked？Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。 Have we/you/they worked？Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同
(2)现在完成时的用法表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在
造成的影响或结果。
Have you had your lunch yet？Yes，I have。I've just had it。 I have already posted the photos。
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段 时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
I haven't seen her these days. I've known LiLei for three years. I've been at this school for over two years. They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library? She has taught us since I came to this school.
现在完成时可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等状语连用。 Have you ever eaten fish and chips? I've just lost my science book. I've never been to that farm before. I haven't learned the word yet.have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别：
have(has) been 表示“曾经到过某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已经去过某地了”
Where has he been? 他刚才跑到哪去了？ Where has he gone？他到哪去了？
She has been to Shanghai。她到过上海。 She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时，
如： I haven't bought anything for two months。 (3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示 过去的时间状语连用。 如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，
而一般过去时只表示过去 动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
如： I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。 I saw the film last week。我上星期看了这个电影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。 He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在这里。 2.过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。 (2)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发 生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。
如： I didn't know if she would come。 I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。 过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。 如： I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。 3.过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成 (2).过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去” 表示过去某一时间可用by，before等构成的短语，也可用when，before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
例句By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four. We had reached the station before ten o'clock. When I got there ,you had already started playing . We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before . By the time we got there,the bus had already gone. 4.动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。 在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语 构成不定式短语。
如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)动词不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语、定语，状语 作宾语 She wanted to borrow my CD player.