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③ He rises very early. 他起床很早。 Ⅱ. arise “出现、发生”。它虽然可表“升起、起来、起床等意思，但现在一般不用于此义，特别是在口语中。如： ① A new problem has arisen. 出现了一个新的问题。 ② How did the quarrel arise? 争吵是怎样发生的？
§42 arms/ weapon
Ⅰ. arms (pl) “武器”着重指用于战争的具体的武器，如枪、炮等。 如： ① The black people there have taken up arms to defend themselves. 那里的黑人已拿起武器自卫。 ② The soldiers had plenty of arms and ammunition! 士兵们有充足的武器和弹药。 ③ Lay down your arms! 放下（你们的）武器！
Ⅰ. weapon “武器”单、复数形式都用。它意义比arms 广泛，除指用于战争的各种武器之外，还指虽然不是为战争而制造，但可以用作进攻或防守的器具。如：槌、石子等。此外，weapon 还可以用于借喻。如： ① The atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter. 原子弹是一种大规模屠杀的武器。 ② Look to your weapons. 当心你的武器。 ③ A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。
§43 around/ round
Ⅰ. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。 Ⅱ. around “在??周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如： ① They sat around the table. 他们围绕桌子坐着。 ② I found nobody around.我发现周围没有一个人。
Ⅲ. round “环绕??周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如： ① The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 ② A wheel goes round. 轮子旋转着。
[注]：这两个词现在可以通用，只是around 多用于美国，round多用于英国。
§44 arrive/ reach/ get to
Ⅰ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意，意义基本相同，但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语，get to 是通俗用词，常用于口语。
Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词，表到达什么地点时，后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说，到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。（与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词）如： ① He arrived in Beijing yesterday. ② When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.
Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词，后面直接跟表地点的名词。如： When does the train reach London?
Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如： ① He got to the shop at 5:00 o?clock this afternoon. ② When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.
§45 article/ essay/ composition
Ⅰ. article “文章、论文”通常指记叙文或论文。如： ① The article explains how the machine works. 这篇文章说明了这部机器怎样开动的道理。 ② There is an article on education in the paper. 报纸上有一篇论教育的文章。
Ⅱ. essay “文章、论文”通常指文学上散文、随笔、杂文等；也指学术性论文。如： ① We shall read Lu Xun?s essays . 我们将读鲁迅的杂文。 ② Can you write an essay in English? 你能用英文写一篇论文吗？ Ⅲ. composition “写作、作文”。 尤指学习语文者为练习写作而做的作文。如： ① He is learning composition. 他在学习写作。 ② The students were required to write a composition in English. 要学生写一篇英语作文。
§46 as soon as/ as early as/ as quickly as
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Ⅰ. 这三个词都有“尽快、尽早”之意。 Ⅱ. as soon as 侧重于“极短时间内”。还表示“一??就??”之意，引导状语从句。如： ① I?ll return it as soon as I can.我将尽快地把它还给你。
Ⅲ. as early as 侧重于一天中的早晨或在限定的时间内再早点，以便能达到预期的目的。如： ① You should arrive there as early as you can. 你应尽早到达那里。 Ⅳ. as quickly as 表做某事的速度非常之快或动作非常之敏捷。如： ① Please read the text as quickly as you can. 请把课文尽快读一遍。
§47 as soon as/ hardly?when/ no sooner?than
Ⅰ. 三者在意义上基本相同，都有“一??就??”，“刚??就??”，但它们各有其特点。 Ⅱ. as soon as 最为普通，位置灵活，可在主句前，也可在其后。且可用作多种时态。如： ① As soon as I went in , Kate let out a cry of surprise. 我一进去，凯特就惊讶地叫了一声。 ② I?ll tell him as soon as he comes back.
Ⅲ. hardly? when?的主句通常 用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，when有时还可换成before.如： ① He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out. 他刚写完作业灯就灭了。 ② Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling.我一回来他们就开始吵了起来。（hardly 提前时，句
子需要倒装。）
Ⅳ. no sooner?than?句型中， no sooner一般只置于句首，所以主句有倒装形式。如：
No sooner had I known the news than I telephoned my mother. 我刚知道这个消息就打电话告诉了妈妈。
§48 as well as/ as well
Ⅰ. as well as “也”“不仅?而且”意同：not only ? but also具有连词性。 ① She is my friend as well as my doctor. 他不仅是我的医生，也是我的朋友。 ② Small towns as well as big cities are being industrialized. 小城市与大城市一样都在迅速实现工业化。 Ⅱ. as well “也”具有副词性。大致相当于also 或 too . 如： He can speak Chinese as well.
§49 as/ because/ for/ since
Ⅰ. 这三个词都可以用作连词，表“原因、理由” 但有区别：
Ⅱ. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的，或者被认为是已知的时，则以用as 为好。如： ① As he was not well, I decided to go without him. 因为他身体不好，我决定独自去了。 ② As it was getting very late, we soon turned back. 因为已很晚了， 我们很快就回来了。 ③ As it is raining, you?d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨，你最好乘出租车。
Ⅲ. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。即必然的困果关系。在这几个词中，它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时，只能用because . 注意：because 不可以与so 连用。如： ① He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.昨天他只得呆在家里，因为他病了。 ② I did it because they asked me to do it. 我之所以做这件事，是因为他请我做的。 ③ ---Ｗhy can?t you do it now? --- Because I?m too busy.
Ⅳ. since“既然”比as 较为正式，说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱。 ① Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.因为光比声音传播得快，
所以我们先看到闪电，后听到雷声。 ② Since he can?t answer the question, you?d better ask someone.既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。 ③ Since you are busy, I?ll do it for you.既然你忙，我替你做吧。
Ⅴ. for “因为”表原因或理由时，用以说明理由，只是解释性的。在这几个词中，它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中，也不用于句首。如： ① I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶，因为我有事要告诉她。 ② We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为粗枝大叶
常常差错。 ③ It must have rained, for the road is wet. 一定下雨了，因为路是湿的。 ④ I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me. 现在我得走了，我姐姐在等我呢。 ［注］：这几个词按语意的强弱来排，其顺序为：
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because—→since—→(as)—→for
§50 as/ when/ while
这三个词都可以用作连词，表时间关系， 但有区别：
Ⅰ. as “当（在）??时候”往往可与when 或 while 通用，但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生。如： ① I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 当下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。 ② As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.他继续往前走的时候，感到越来越疲乏。 Ⅱ. when “当（在）??的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。 ① It was raining when we arrived. 当我们到达的时候，正下着雨。 ② Ｗhen we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。 Ⅲ. while “当（在）??的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间（a period of time）,而不能指一点时间（a point of time）如上面的第一个例子。又如： ① Please don?t talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。 ② While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.我洗地板时，你可以擦窗户。
§51 ask / inquire/ question
Ⅰ. ask “问、询问”是最普通的用语，通常表示只是为了获得回答或了解某事而提问。如： ① I asked him if he could come. 我问他能不能来。 ② I?ll ask him how to get there. 我要问他怎样去那儿。 Ⅱ. inquire “问、询问”表查究，调查的意思。如： ① I have inquired of him whether he could help me. 我已问过他是否能帮助我。 ② She came to inquire about her friend?s health. 她来询问她朋友的健康情况。 ③ He inquired of me about our work. 他向我了解了我们的工作情况。 Ⅲ. question “询问、审问、提问”含有提出一连串问题的意味。如： ① I questioned him about the matter.我问过他这件事。 ② He was questioned by the police. 他受到警察的审问。
§52 ask/ ask for
Ⅰ. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如： ① Don?t ask me, I don?t know.别问我，我不知道。 ② Ｔhen ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。 Ⅱ. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如： ① He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。 ② The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。 Ⅲ. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如： ① He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。 ② Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。 Ⅴ. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如： ① Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。 ② He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。
§53 asleep/ sleep / sleepy
Ⅰ. asleep adj “睡着的”；常作表语。如： ① The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。 ② He was too tired and fell asleep at once. 他太累了，立刻就睡着了。 Ⅱ. sleep v & n “睡着”。如： ① You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。 ② Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。 Ⅲ. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如： ① She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。
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② I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。
§54 at Christmas/ on Christmas
Ⅰ. at Christmas 表示“在圣诞节期间”，既可以表示在圣诞节当天，也可以表示在圣诞节前后不久。如： I?ll return at Christmas 我将在圣诞节期间回来。 Ⅱ. on Christmas 则指“在圣诞节”，一般仅指在十二月二十五日当天。如：
Children always get many presents on Christmas Day. 在圣诞节孩子们总是收到许多圣诞节礼物。 [注]：on Christmas Eve 指的是“在圣诞节前夜”相当于中国的除夕。
§55 at first/ first
Ⅰ. at first “起初”，多用来表示后来发生的事情或动作，与前面的不同，甚至相反。如：
At first she knew nobody but now she has many good friends.起初她谁也不认识，但现在她有很多朋友。 Ⅱ. first 用来表示一系列动作或事物的“开始”。如：
Be polite. First knock at the door and then go in. 要有礼貌。先敲门，再进去。
§56 at last/ finally/ in the end
Ⅰ. at last “最后”表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生，强调努力的结果，带有较强的感情色彩。须用一般过去时。如：
Did the man in the shop understand him at last? Ⅱ. finally 表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”， 无感情色彩，只用于过去时。它居句首时较多。 ① Finally he went to see the famous man himself. Ⅲ. in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”，有时可与finally相互替换。但用于将来的预测时，则只能用in the end 如： ① I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
§57 at school/ in school/ in a (the) school
Ⅰ. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如： ① My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校，他不在家，也不在别
的地方。 ② When my brother was at school, he studied very hard. 在学校时，我兄弟学习很用功。 Ⅱ. in school “在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如：
My daughter still in school She doesn?t work.。 我女儿还在上学，她不在工作。 [注]：①和②用at school 强调所在场所或时间。③中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此，in school. 和 at school的着重点不一样，通常不互换使用。 Ⅲ. In a / the school “在学校”，不一定指上学。类似的还有：
in hospital “生病住院”
in a / the hospital表“在医院”（工作或探视病人等） at table “在吃饭”
at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊天或看报）
① Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗？ ① Your friend looked for you in the school just now. 刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。 ② Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。 ③ She is a good doctor in the hospital .她是医院里的一名好大夫。
§58 at the beginning/ at the beginning of/ in the beginning
Ⅰ. at the beginning 和 in the beginning都可表“起初、开始、原先”之意。两者间没有明显的区别，通常可互换。如： ① You?ll find it difficult to learn Russian at the beginning. 起初，你会觉得俄语很难。 ② In the beginning I didn?t know this.开始我不知道这事。 Ⅱ. 若表当今世界的开头，则必须用in the beginning eg:
In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants.在盘古开天辟地时，既没有人，也没有 动植物。 Ⅲ. at the beginning of “在??之初”， 其后通常 接表时间，事件或其它意义的名词，其反义词组为at the
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end of. 如： ① At the beginning of 1975 he came back to China. 1975年初，他回到了中国。。 ② This adverb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.这副词也可以放在句子的开头。
§59 at the top of/ on the top of
Ⅰ. at the top of “在??顶点上、在??上”。At 表示点，在句子中用作状语，反义短语常为 at the bottom of “在??底部”；
on (the) top of 中的on 表示部位上的接触，意思是“在??之上、在??上面”。反义短语常为at the foot of “在??脚底下”。如： ① He shouted at the top of his voice. 他高声地叫喊。 ② He is at the top of the class.他居全班之首位。 ③ Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books.请你这个盒子放在那些书的上面好吗？
§60 at/ beside/ by/ near
Ⅰ. at “靠近”往往动作联系，意味着有目的、有意识的靠近，而by, beside, near只意味着就“靠近”而言。如： ① He sat at the desk. He wanted to read, 他坐到桌边，想看书。 Ⅱ. beside “在??旁边”；by = just at the side of “就在旁边”。两者一般可通用。但by 比beside语势较强些，并多用于日常用语中。如： ① There is a hospital beside / by the river. 河边有一家医院。 [注]：指“在某人身边”时，常多用beside. Eg: ① The little boy is standing beside his mother. Ⅲ. near “在??附近”或“离??不远”，它表示的距离要比by / beside 来得远些。如： ① We live near the sea.我们住在海边。（表离海边有些距离） ② We live by / beside the sea.我们就住在海边。（表海就在身边）。
§61 at/ in
Ⅰ. at 和 in 都可用在地点名词前，用at 时是把该地方视为一点，用in时则是把该地方看成一个范围。如： ① Are your classmates playing in the park? 你的同学都在公园里玩吗？ ② They are waiting for you at the park. 他们在公园附近（里面）等你。 Ⅱ. at; in & on 都可用在表时间的名词前。在点时间前用at; 在表某一天或某一天的某个段时间（morning, evening, day, night atc）名词前，用on; 在段时间名词前（星期；年；月；周等）用in. 如： ① I?ll meet you at eight. 我们8：00 钟会面。 ② See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。 ③ The story happened in May.故事发生在5月份。 Ⅲ. 固定词组：如：in the morning ; at night.
§62 at/ to
Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标，而to 则仅表方向。如： ① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。 ② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。 ③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。 ④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。
§63 a year and a half / one and a half years
这是英语中表示“多少半”的两种说法：
如：
① an hour and a half = one and a half hours. 一个半小时 ② two kilos and a half = two and a half kilos 两公斤半。
?基数词 ? 表示量的名词 ?and a half??基数词 ? and a half ? 表示量的名词的复数