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定式”或“代词/名词+不定式”结构。所表示的“希望”大体是可以实现的；此外，还可以接双宾语，表“祝愿”或表委婉的语气。如： ① I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day. 但愿有一天我能坐宇宙飞船飞向月球。 ② I wish I were you.但愿我是你就好了。 ③ We wish to visit Yanan. 我希望能参观延安。 ④ We wish you to be happy. 我希望你幸福。 ⑤ I wish you a long life. 祝你长寿。 ⑥ I wish you success. 祝你成功。 ⑦ We can begin to work at once now if you wish（不及物动词）要是你愿意，我们现在可以立刻开始工作。 Ⅲ. want “想”其搭配关系为：want to do sth. Or want sb to do sth. 比较口语化，没有wish那样正式。如：
She wants me to do with her.
Ⅳ. hope 表对愿望的实现抱有一定的信心。后接“不定式；that 从句。”但不能接 双宾语。 ① I hope to be a doctor. 我希望当一名医生。 ② I hope she will be well again. 我希望她会痊愈。
Ⅴ.expect “期待、盼望、预料”等，指对某一特定的事件的发生抱有颇大的信心。如： ① We are expecting a letter from her. 我们当时正期待着她的来信。
§149 desk/ table
Ⅰ. Desk “课桌、书桌、写字台”指读书、写字或办公用的桌子。如： There are fifty desks in the classroom. 教室里有50张课桌。 Ⅱ. table “桌子、台”，指供吃饭、游戏、工作或安放其他各种东西的桌子或台子。它的广义包括desk在内。如：
We all sat at the same table. 我们同桌吃饭。
§150 develop/ developing/ developed
Ⅰ.develop既是及物动词，又是不及物动词，意为“发展”，“开发”。如： The child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。
Ⅱ.developing为现在分词，起形容词的作用，表示主动意义，意思是“发展中的”。如： ① China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
Ⅲ.developed为过去分词，起形容词作用，表示被动含意，意思是“发达的”。如： Japan ia a developed country. 日本是一个发达国家。
§151 die/ dead/ death
Ⅰ.die 是不及物动词，一般指因生病，负伤等原因而死。且是非延续性动词（瞬间动词），不能和表示一段时间的状语（for+段时间短语；或since??）连用。如： ① He was born in 1847 and died in 1913. 他生于1847年，死于1913年。 ② His grandfather has been dead for two years. = His grandfather died two years ago. 他爷爷去世两年了。 ③ He died ten years ago.他是10年前死的。（不可说：He has died for ten years. 或应说：It is 10 years since
he died）
Ⅱ.dead 是形容词，表状态，可在句中作表语和定语。但不可作谓语。如： ① He is dead, but his name sill live for ever in our hearts.他虽然死了但他的名字将永远活在我们心中。 ② It doesn?t look like a dead fox.看来不像一只死狐狸。 Ⅲ.death是抽象名词，只能在句中作主语或宾语。如： ① The murderer was sentenced to death. 杀人犯被宣判死刑。 ② I heard of his death when I got to his house. 我一到他家就得知他已经去世了。
[注]：①die /dye 此两词本来意义是完全不同的（die “死” dye “染，染上”）,只时二者的现在分词形式常易混淆。die—→dying dye—→dyeing
② die for / die from / die of/die away/die down/ die off/ die out
1. die for 表“为某一目的、事业等而死”；“渴望、极想”。
1).To die for the people is a glorious death.. 为人民而死，虽死犹荣。 2).I?m dying for a cup of coffee. 我很想喝杯咖啡。
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2. die from. 表“死于（创伤、劳累、忧愁等）”。(除疾病或情感以外的原因)。如： 1).He died from a wound. 他死于创伤。
2).She died from overwork. 她过度操劳而死。 3. die of 表“死于（疾病、情感、饥饿、年老等）”。 1).The old man died of cancer.那老人患癌症死的。
2).His father died of starvation in Germany. 他的父亲饿死在德国。
3). The old woman died of grief soon after her husband?s deth. 那位老太太在失去丈夫后不久就因悲伤而
死。
4. die away “消失；停息”如：
1).The sound of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的响声在远处消失了。 2).The wind has died away. 风已经停息。 5. die down 指灯火等慢慢地“熄灭”；指骚动等渐渐地“平息下来”如： 1).They waited till the storm died down. 他们一直等到风暴停息。 2).The fire died down. 火慢慢地熄灭了。
3).The fighting has died down. 战斗渐渐停止。 6. die off 指一个个相继“死掉”如：
1).They had to watch their young children died off through lack of food. 他们不得不眼睁睁地看着孩子们
因为没有东西吃而一个个地死掉。
7. die out. “死光；绝种”如：
1).These animals have already died out. 这类动物已经绝种。
§152 difficult/ hard
Ⅰ. difficult “困难”多指智力上的困难。一般可与hard代换。但比它程度要大。如： ① The question is difficult to answer.
Ⅱ. hard “困难”多指体力上的困难。如： ①Some of the apples are hard to reach.
§153
litter / rubbish
litter 和 rubbish 都可指“垃圾”，用作不可数名词。Litter 常指“（室内或公共场所）乱扔的废物（纸屑、不要的包装纸、废瓶等）”还可回收；
rubbish 则指“没用的东西（被扔或将要丢弃的无用的东西）”不可回收。如： ① Throw the rubbish out. 把垃圾扔出去。 ② The room is full of rubbish. 房间里堆满了垃圾。 ③ Pick up your litter after a picnic. 野餐后将废弃物收拾好。
§154
discover/ invent/ find / find out
Ⅰ. discover “发现”发现的事物是本来存在的或是有人知道的。如： ① Columbus discovered America. 哥伦布发现了美洲。 ② He discovered a box hidden under the floor. 他发现了一只藏在地板下箱子。 Ⅱ. invent “发明”， 发明的东西是从前没有的。如： ① Who invented the steam engine?谁发明了蒸汽机？ ② He has invented a new way of making silk. 他发明了一种造丝的新方法。 Ⅲ. find “找到”指寻找的结果。是非延续性动词。如：
I am looking for my bike, but I may not find it. 我正在找我的自行车，可是不一定能找到。
Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来，搞清楚，弄明白。如：
When he was a child, he liked to find out how things worked. 他孩提时代时，就爱弄明白各种事物的来龙去脉。
§155
dollar/ pound
Ⅰ. dollar “美元”其货币符号为：＄ 如： ①$12.5 = 12.5 dollars 12美元5美分。 Ⅱ. pound “英磅”，英国货币单位。符号为：￡。如： ②￡12.5 = 12.5pounds. 12英磅5便士。 [注]人民币为yuan, 符号为：￥。
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§156
door/ gate
Ⅰ. door“门”指进出房屋的门或屋内的门，也指车辆或橱柜等的门。如： ① The door opened and a man came out. 门开了，一个人走了出来。 ② There are sliding doors between rooms. 房间之间有滑门。 Ⅱ. gate “门、大门”，指出入某一场所的门，如城门以及围墙、围栏、篱笆等的门。如： ① We?ll gather at the school gate at 6:30. 我们六点半在校门口集合。 ② Who is the man at the garden gate? 谁在花园门口？
§157
drag/ draw/ pull
Ⅰ. drag“拖、拉” 指慢慢地拖着笨重的东西，意味着所拖的东西阻力很大。如： ① The horse was dragging a heavy load. 马拖着很重的东西。 ② The escaped prisoner was dragged out of hiding place. 那逃犯被人从隐藏的地方拖了出来。 Ⅱ. draw “拖、拉”与pull相比，它通常指较平稳地，也往往是比较从容地拉。如： ① Draw your chair up to the table. 把你的椅子拉到桌子旁边来。 ② He drew the book towards him. 他把书拉/拖到他面前。
Ⅲ. pull “拖、拉”是普通用语，指用力拉，与push 相对。如： ①Pull the door open. Don?t push it. 把门拉开，别推。
§158 put down/ put up/ put on/ put away /
put off /put one’s heart into?
??down “把 ?（某某） 放下”，反义词为 put up??up “ 举起” “抬起” “挂起敁张贴” “建造”??on “穿上（衣服 ）” “上演（戏剧 ）”put? away “ 收起来” “保存”??off “推迟” “延期”???one's heart into ? “ 全神贯注于?? ”Ⅰ.
如：
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ? Don?t put down your hands. Put them up. 不要放下手，举起来。
A new notice has been put up. 已经贴出来一张新的通告。
He took down the old picture and put up the new one. 他把旧画拿了下来，挂上了一幅新画。 A big building has been put up (= set up / build)in our school. 我们学校又盖起了一座大楼。 He put on his coat and hat and went out. 他穿上大衣，戴上帽子出去了。 Has the play been put on at this theater? 这个剧院上演过那部戏剧吗？
Let?s put our Christmas gifts away and keep them a while. 我们还时把圣诞礼物暂时保存起来吧。 Put away your coats in summer. 夏天时把大衣收起来。
The meeting has been put off because of the rain. 大会因大雨而延期举行。
You can do anything well if you put your heart into it. 如果你全心身地投入，你什么事都能做好。 He put his heart into his work and didn?t notice me.
§159
dress/ put on/ wear/ in/ try on
Ⅰ. dress “穿”指穿的动作，也指其状态。如： ① His mother dressed him in new clothes. 他的母亲给他穿上了新衣服。 ② Get up and dress quickly. 快起床穿衣。 ③ She dresses neatly. 他穿着整齐。
[注]：作vt，直接对象是人，而不是穿的衣服；作vi时，不能表穿什么衣服。 Ⅱ. put on “穿；戴”强调其动作。如： ① Put on your coat. 穿上大衣。 ② He put on his hat and went out. 他戴上帽子出去了。 Ⅲ. wear “穿；戴” 强调其状态。如： ① He wears a coat. 他穿着大衣。 ② The teacher wears glasses.老师戴着眼镜。
Ⅳ. in “穿；戴” 是介词。它构成的短语作定语或表语表其状态。其后还可接表颜色的词。如：
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① She is in a coat . 她穿着大衣。 ② The boy in blue is my brother. 那个穿蓝色衣服的男孩是我的弟弟。 Ⅴ. try on “试穿/ 戴”如：
Please go to the tailor?s to have a suit tried on. 请到裁缝店去试穿一套衣服。
§160 drill/ exercise/ practice
Ⅰ. drill “练习” 指有组织，有指导地反复进行的练习。尤指在课堂上或军队里进行的教练。如： Question-and –answer drills are important when yu are learning a foreign language. Ⅱ. exercise 指为发展智力或锻炼身体而进行的练习。如： ① He is doing an exercise in English grammar. ② We do morning exercises every day.
Ⅲ. practice 是不可数名词，指为了达到熟练或完善的程度 而反复进行的练习。尤指在艺术、手艺或技巧方面。如：
Piano playing needs a lot of practice.弹钢琴需要多练。
§161
drop/ fall
Ⅰ. drop 可用作不及物动词或及物动词，意为“下降，丢下，放下”。fall 只用作不及物动词，意为“落下，下降”。 如： ① The boy fell off the tree. 这男孩从树上掉了下来。 ② The temperature is dropping. 温度在下降。 ③ Can you drop me? 你能让我中途下车吗？ ④ I dropped the box on my foot. 我失手让盒子砸了我的脚。 ⑤ I?ll drop off at the next stop. 我要在下一站下车。
§162 maybe / perhaps / probably
Ⅰ. maybe, perhaps. & probably,都是副词，有“或许、可能”之意。用法略有不同。 Ⅱ. maybe 和 perhabs 意思基本相同。如： ① Maybe / perhaps the weather will get better. 可能天气会变得好一些。 ② Maybe / perhaps you put it in your basket. 或许你把它放在蓝子里了。 Ⅲ. Probably “很可能”比maybe. perhaps 的可能性都大。如：
They will probably refuse to speak at the meeting.他们很可能会拒绝在会上发言。 Ⅳ. maybe 可用于句首或句尾。perhaps 可用于句首或句中； probably 一般用于句中，不用于句首。如： ① Maybe they will come.他们可能来（也可能不来）。 ② They will perhaps come. 他们可能来（也可能不来）。 ③ They will probably come. 他们很有可能来。
§163
during/ in/ for
Ⅰ.during 和in 二者都表示某事的发生贯穿于某段时间中，或发生在某段时间 中的某一点上或几点时间上。 在多数情况下，当我们不强调对比或某一段时间时，in 和during都可以用，意思上并没有什么区别。当我们要表达某事具体发生的时间时， 多用in.当我们指一项活动而不是一段时间时，只能用during, 另外during 还用来强调某动作持续了一段时间。如： ① I woke up three times in / during the night. 夜里我醒了三次。 ② He had some amazing experience in / during his childhood. 他童年时有一些惊人的经历。 ③ We usually go on holiday in July. (不能用during) 我们通常七月份度假。 Ⅱ.during 和for. 两者都是表示一段时间的介词。 1. during 意为：“在??（时间）内”的行为或状态，与一段时间的整体连用。如：during the spring, during
last year, during 1980等也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用，如：during my childhood, during our stay, during his visit等，一般不用于现在完成时的句子里。如： ① During the winter we play fotball. 冬季我们踢足球。 ② Many comrades went to see him during his illness. 在他生病期间许多同志去看望了他。 2. for引导一段时间，强调时间由始至终，可译为“（时间）长达??”一般与有长度的时间短语连用，
如for three weeks. For a long time等，可用于现在（过去）完成时或过去时句子等。 如： ① He studied English for three years. 他学了三年英语。 ② The French teacher has been in China for about a month.
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§164 each/ every “每个”
Ⅰ. each 和every 常可通用，后跟单数名词。但也有一些区别：1）着重强调个体，而every 着重强调整体。如： ① Each student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生各有一本字典。 ② Every student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生都有一本字典。（every student = all the students） Ⅱ. each 用于指两个或两 个以上的人或事物， 而every 则用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 如： ① There are some ads on each side of the road. 公路的每一侧都有一些广告。（each side – both sides.这个句
子中的each 不能用every 代替。） ② You look more beautiful each / every time I see you. 每次见到你，你都看起来更漂亮。 Ⅲ. each 可用作代词，后跟“of+复数名词 / 代词”。动词仍然用单数，every 则不能这样用，因every是形容词。如： ① Each of students has got a new book. = Every one of the students has got a new book. = The students each
have got a new book.(The students have got a new book each.)每个学生各有一本新书。 ② Each of them likes light music. = Every one of them likes light music. = They each like light music. (They
like light music each.) 他们人人都喜欢轻音乐。
§165 earth/ ground/floor/field/ land/ soil
Ⅰ.earth “地；地球；泥土”。它着重批“大地”，以别于“天空”；也可以指区别于坚硬岩石的泥土。如： ① The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。 ② Snakes creep on the earth.蛇在地上爬行。
Ⅱ.ground. “地；地面”主要指大地表面。不论是呢地，沙地或水泥地，均可用这个词表示；也可用来指运动场地。如： ① The ground is covered with leaves in the woods.树林的地面上落满了树叶。 ② There is a football ground in our school.我们学校有个足球场。 Ⅲ.foor.用于指建筑物内的“地板”，其前面通常加the；此外，还可以表示楼房的“层”。如： ① The cat is on the floor. 猫在地板上。 ② the first floor(美：)一楼 / （英：）二楼。
Ⅲ.field. 表“田；地”常用于指种植农作物的“农田、土地”有时也可指研究、活动的“范围；流域”如： ① They are working in the fields.他们正在田里劳动。 ② What?s your field of study? 你的研究领域是什么？ Ⅳ.land. “陆地”与河流和海洋相对；也可指“土地”，可耕种的田地就叫做land;它还可以表示“国土；国家”如： ① We travelled by land until we reached the sea.我们从陆路去一直旅行到大海。 ② All the waste land in this area has veen opened up.这个地方的荒地全被开垦了。 Ⅴ.soil“土地；土壤”尤指生长植物的土地。如： ① The soil is very thin in the forest. 森林里土层非常薄。 ② The peasants are preparing the soil for seed.农民们正在平整土地。
§166 elder/ older
Ⅰ.elder的意思是年长的，指家庭里两个成员中年龄较长的，或者指明的两个人中年龄较长的。例如：
① He is my elder brother. 他是我的哥哥。 ② My elder sister works at a factory. 我姐姐在工厂里工作。 ③ Which is the elder of the two? 这两个人中哪一个年龄较大？
[注] elder用作形容词时，通常放在名词前面作定语。它也可以用作名词，其复数形式表示长者、长辈的意思，例如：
We respect our elders. 我们尊重长辈。
Ⅱ.older是形容词old 的比较级形式，指年龄较大、较老，也指较旧。例如： ① Comrade Zhang is two years older than Comrade Wang. 张同志比王同志大两岁。 ② This tree is older than that one. 这棵树比那棵树。