高考英语300组常用词语辨析140页(7)

2019-05-26 19:52

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③ She and I are close friends.她和我是亲密的朋友。 [注]:near 当作形容词时,与close含义和用法相同,表距离近,都用be near / close to +地点。 但close 只能作形容词,而near 还可作介词使用,此时near不可再与to搭配。如: ①I live near (=close to) the factory.

Ⅱ. nearby 主要指空间上的附近,一般指较大范围。可用作形容词、副词或介词。如: ① They live in the nearby village. 他们住在附近的村庄。 ② There was a traffic accident nearby. 在附近发生了一起车祸。

Ⅲ. next to 意思是“与??相邻,紧靠着”与be close to 很接近,但next to 强调距离上“紧邻”。 ① Our school is next to a supermarket. 我们学校紧挨着一家超市。 ② Our school is close to a supermarket. 我们学校距离一家超市很近。

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close/ shut

Ⅰ.close用作动词表示“关、闭”的意思时,通常仅指把开着的东西关闭起来。它还往往是较为正式的用语。如: ① Did you close all the doors and windows? 你把所有的门窗都关了吗? ② Close your eyes. 把眼睛闭上。 ③ Do you mind if I close this window? 我把这窗子关起来好吗? Ⅱ.shut的意思是“关、关闭”,常常可与close通用,但它比close意味较强。比如说to close a door or gate时,仅指把门关上;而说to shut a door or gate时,则可以进而指用门闩、插销或其它东西把门关住。此外,shut 还往往不如close正式。如: ① They shut the doors and windows. 他们关住了门窗。 ② Shut the box. 把箱子关起来。 ③ Shut the door after you. 随手关门。

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Chinese / of China

Ⅰ. Chinese “中国式的,具有中国特色的”作形容词时只能作前置定语。主要从物与物的角度看待事物。如:

I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国风味的食品。

Ⅱ. of China “中国的;属于中国的”为所有格式,表所属关系。作后置定语。 Please show me a map of China. 请给我拿幅中国地图。

§130

colth/clothes/ clothing/ dress/suit

Ⅰ. cloth 指做衣服等用的布料,如“布;毛料”等,是不可数名词。表达“一块布料”应说a piece of cloth,如: ① Different kinds of cloth are produced in that factory. 那家工厂生产各种各样的布料。 ② My aunt bought me two pieces of cloth yesterday. 我姑妈昨天给我买两块布。 ③ 但是,用于表达特殊用途的布时,如“台布;揩布”等,cloth是可数名词。如:Pass me a table cloth,

please. 请递给我一块台布。 Ⅱ. clothes “衣服”,没有单数形式,不能单独与数词直接搭配。如不能说hour clothes, 但可以说many/ these/ a few clothes,它总是以复数形式出现,因此只能说: The clothes are? 如: ① All of her clothes were made by her mother. 她所有的衣服都是她母亲做的。 ② There are many new clothes on sale. 有许多新衣服出售。 Ⅲ. clothing 意思也是“衣服”, 但它与clothes 不同,不是指具体的和件件的衣服,而是指衣着的整体而言。如: ① They were all in their summer clothing. 他们都穿夏天的服装。 ② Each child has ample clothing. 每个孩子都有足够的衣服。

Ⅳ. dress 通常指外面穿的衣服。一般指妇女和儿童服装,还指礼服或某种特殊的服装。是可数名词。如: ① Who?s that girl in red dress? 穿红衣服的那位姑娘是谁? ② What size dress do you wear? 你穿几号衣服? ③ He doesn?t care much about dress? 他不太讲究衣着。(他不讲穿)。 ④ He is in full dress. 他穿着礼服。

Ⅴ. suit 通常指用同样布料或衣料做成的一套衣服。如: ① She was wearing a red suit. 她穿着一套红西装。

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② He wanted very much to get a new suit and throw off his old clothes. 他很想买一套新衣服,好赶快脱掉他

的旧衣服。

§131

collect/ gather

Ⅰ.gather的意思是“收集、聚集”,它是表示收集或聚集的一般用语,不仅可以用于人和物,还可以用于抽象的东西。如: ① He gathered his books and notebooks. 他把书和笔记本收集在一起。 ② She gathered the children round her. 她把孩子们聚集在她的周围。 ③ A crowd soon gathered round him. 一群人很快就聚集在他的周围。 ④ He is gathering information. 他在搜集情报。 Ⅱ.collect的意思是“收集、搜集、聚集”,通常指有计划和选择进行收集。当它表示一般的收集或聚集时,可与gather通用。如: ① He is collecting material for a book. 他正在聚集写书的资料。 ② I have collected some famous pictures. 我收集了一些名画。 ③ A crowd soon collected when there was a car accident. 发生了车祸的时候,立即就有一群人聚拢起来。

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college/ institute/ university

Ⅰ.college的意思是“学院”,一般指大学内部的学院或独立的学院,如: ① There are many colleges at Oxford and Cambridge. 牛津大学和剑桥大学有很多学院。 ② There are several teachers? colleges in Jiangsu Province. 江苏省有几所师范学院。

Ⅱ.institute也可以表示学院的意思,但它通常指专科性(专门的)学院,如外语学院(institute of foreign languages)、体育学院(physical culture institute)、航空学院(aeronautical engineering institute)等,如: ① He graduated from an institute of foreign trade. 他是外贸学院毕业的。 ② She is a student of a chemical engineering institute.她是化工学院的学生。 Ⅲ.university的意思是“大学”,通常指由多个学院组织而成的综合性大学。如: He graduated from Yale in 1915.他1915年从耶鲁大学毕业。

§133

competition/ game/ match

Ⅰ. competition “比赛、竞争”,指体能、技术、能力的竞争。 He won a drawing competition. 他在图画比赛中获胜。

Ⅱ. game “比赛”指有一定规则,且决定胜负的脑力和体力劳动的“竞技”。如: There is going to be a football game tomorrow afternoon.

Ⅲ. match 多指网球、足球、高尔夫球等运动项目的“比赛” 。 The golf match will he held tomorrow morning.

§134

complete/ finish

Ⅰ.complete用作动词表示完成的意思时,是指把已开始但尚未完成的事情完成。如: ① He has completed his task. 他已完成他的工作。 ② The railway is not completed yet. 铁路尚未完工。 Ⅱ.finish的意思是“完成、结束”,着重指圆满结束已着手的事情,尤指完成精心之作的最后一步。如: ① Have you finished your work yet? 你的工作做完了没有? ② I finished reading the book last night. 我昨晚看完了这本书。 ③ The picture is finished. 这幅画画好了。

§135

conceal/ hide

Ⅰ. conceal “隐藏、隐瞒”常与hide通用;但比hide正式些,多指有意将某事物隐藏起来或不予以泄漏。它只用作及物动词。如: ① The box was concealed under the bed.箱子是藏在床底下的。 ② He concealed his moteves. 他隐瞒了他的动机。

Ⅱ. hide “隐藏、掩盖、躲藏”为普通用语。指有意或无意地将某物(或人)藏(躲)在人们不易看到或发现的地方。可作及物动词和不及物动词。如: ① Where did you hide it? 你把它藏到哪里了?

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② He cannot hide the truth. 他不能掩盖真相。 ③ The moon was hideen by the clouds. 月亮被云彩遮住了。

§136

cost/ spend/ pay/ take

Ⅰ.cost 指某东西“值??钱”; “需要花费??钱/ 精力”等,它的主语一般为表示东西的名词,不能为表示人的名词,作及物动词和名词。可接双宾语,无被动语态。如: ① I?ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars.我敢说那件衣服得花1000美元。 ② The chair cost me thirty yuan.这把椅子花了我30元。 ③ The building of the dam cost many lives. 修建这个水坝使许多人丧生。(使花(某种代价);使损失) ④ Bad driving may cost you your life.开车技术不行可能使你丢掉性命。 ⑤ 作名词时意为“花费;成本”→The cost of the house was too high for me.这房子的价钱太高,我买不起。

[常用搭配]: ① at all costs 不惜一切代价,—→The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the town at all costs.

军官对士兵们说要不惜一切代价保卫这座城市。 ② at the cost of 以??为代价。

→1). He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作,但失去了健康。 →2). She saved him from fire, but at the cost of her own life. 她从火中把他救出,但她自己却牺牲了。 ③ cost of living 生活费用。

—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down. 生活费用越上涨,我的生活水准越降低。

Ⅱ.spend 的主语经常是人 , 用来表示人花钱买东西或花时间做某事,

人 ? spend ? 时间/金钱常用的句型有:???on sth. 如:

?人?spend ?时间/金钱?(in)doing sth.① I spend 5 yuan on the book.我买这书花五元钱。 ② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog.那个男孩花了10分钟画一只狗。 Ⅲ.pay “支付,花费”,主语只能是人 且只用于花费金钱,其结构是: pay + sb + some money + for sth. “为??付给某人多少钱” 其中的人、钱、事,可以根据具体情况取舍。如: ① I paid (him)5 yuan. 我付(给他)5元钱。 ② I paid him 5 yuan for the book. 我买那本书付给了他五元钱。 ③ I paid him for the book. 我买那本书付给了他钱。 ④ I paid for the book. 我付了那本书的钱。 Ⅳ.take 也可表“花费时间和金钱”,(一般只指花费时间) 其常用结构为:It +take(各种时态)+time/money+to do sth. 如 It took me three hours to finish the work.

§137

country/ state/ nation

Ⅰ. country “国家”着重指疆土而言。“乡下、农村”相当于countryside, 但它指风景而言。如: ① This country is in the south of Europe. 这个国家在欧洲南部。 ② Germany and France are European countries. 德国和法国是欧洲国家。 ③ The countryside around Nanjing is beautiful at this time of the year. Ⅱ. state “国家”着重指政权而言。如: ① I?d like to borrow a copy of “The State and Revolution”.我想借一本《国家与革命》。 ② The state is an organ of violence at service of class rule. 国家是阶级统治的暴力机器。 Ⅲ. nation “国家”着重指人民而言。如:

Two friendly nations support each other. 两个友好国家互相支持。

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crazy/ mad

Ⅰ. crazy “发狂的、糊涂的、狂热的”常指由于忧虑、悲伤、欣喜、渴望、激动等某种强烈的情绪而引起的一种心神错乱、失去控制的精神状态。如: ① He was crazy with joy. 他欣喜若狂。 ② You are crazy to do such a thing. 你干这样的事真糊涂。 ③ The boy is crazy on (or about) skating. 那孩子对溜冰着了迷。

Ⅱ. mad “发狂的、发疯的”通常指精神狂乱完全不能自我控制的一种病态。在口语中它也表示由于某种

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强烈的情绪而失常。如: ① The poor fellow is mad. 这个可怜的人是疯子。 ② The dog has gone mad. 这条狗疯了。 ③ This worry is enough to drive me mad. 这烦恼足以使我发狂。 ④ He is mad about the stage. 他迷恋于舞台生活。

§139

crop/ harvest

Ⅰ. crop “收成”指谷物、水果、蔬菜等一年或一季的收成 它表示“农作物、庄稼”的意思。如: ① The rice crop was very good this year. 今年稻子的收成很好。 ② The rice bears two crops every year. 稻子一年收两次。 ③ It is harmful to growing crops. 这对于正在生长的农作物有害。

Ⅱ. harvest “收成、收获”多指谷物的收成,也指水果、蔬菜等的收成;有时指收割行为。也可用于借喻,指行动或行为的结果。如: ① Rich harvests have been gathered in for several years running. 连续几年获得了丰收。(可用crops代替) ② The summer harvest is about to start. 夏收即将开始。 ③ He reaped the harvest of his hard work. 他获得了辛勤劳动的成果。

§140

crossing/ turning

Ⅰ. crossing “交叉点、十字路口” Ⅱ. turning “路的拐弯处”如:

Take the second crossing / turning on the left. 在第二个十字路口/ 拐弯处向左拐。

§141

cry/ shout/ exclaim

Ⅰ. cry “叫、喊”,常指因痛、痛苦、恐惧等而叫喊,仅表示某种感情而不表达思想。它有时也指用言语高声叫喊,如表祈求。如: ① He cried with pain. 他痛得叫了起来。 ② “Help! Help!” he cried. “救命啊!救命啊!”他高声地叫喊。 Ⅱ. shout “叫喊”,指表达思想的高声叫喊或说话。有时是用以表示高兴、痛、痛苦或惊恐等,有时是用于发出命令、提出警告或要别人注意。如: ① I shouted to him, but he was out of hearing. 我对他呼喊,但他听不到。 ② He shouted with pain. 他大声叫痛。

Ⅲ. exclaim “叫喊”指因高兴、痛苦、愤怒、惊讶等而突然地、感情激烈地高声叫喊。如: ① “What!” he exclaimed “Are you leaving without me?” “什么?”他喊道,“你要丢下我离去吗? ②They exclaimed with one voice. 他们齐声呼喊。

§142

cup/ glass

Ⅰ. cup “杯子”通常指带柄的瓷杯,用以喝茶、牛奶、咖啡或可乐等等。如: ① The cup stands on the table.杯子放在桌子上。 ② Will you have another cup of tea? 你要再喝一杯茶吗? Ⅱ. glass “杯子”用以饮酒、或喝等。如: ① The glass is broken to pieces. 这只玻璃杯打碎了。 ② He drank two gasses of milk. 他喝了两杯牛奶。

§143

dear/ expensive/ high/;cheap/low

Ⅰ. dear 表示“贵”的意思时和cheap相对,指索价过高。主语是物。如: ① It is too dear. 这太贵了。 ② The flowers were not dear. 这些花我贵。 Ⅱ. expensive “昂贵的”,指超过物品的价值或购买者的购买力。主语是物。如: ① It is too expensive for me to buy. 这东西太贵了我买不起。 ② This is an expensive hat. 这是一顶价钱昂贵的帽子。 Ⅲ. high 与low相对,主语是价格(the price), 如: ① The price of the pen is not low for him. 这支钢笔对于他来说不便宜。

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§144

decide/ determine/ make up one's mind

Ⅰ.decide着重指经过考虑、商谈或研究之后作出“决定”,“下决心”。结束踌躇、疑惑、争论等状况。后跟名词、代词、动词不定式或从句,可用于被动语态中。如: ① Nothing has been decided yet.什么都没有决定下来。 ② They decided to accept the invetation. 他们决定接受邀请

Ⅱ.determine表示“决定、决心”指经过认真考虑后下定决心。与decide一般可换用。后接名词、代词动词不定式。如: ① We determined on an early start.我们决定尽早出发。 ② He has determined to learn English. 他已下决心学英语。 ③ We are determined to get the work done before May Day. 我们决心要在五一节前完成这项工作。 Ⅲ.make up ine’s mind “决定、决心”,是和犹豫不决等相对应的用语。意即:打定主意。如: ① He made up his mind to go there at once. 他决定立刻到那儿去。 ② He has made up his mind to be a dotctor. 他决心当医生。

§145

deep/ deeply

Ⅰ.作副词用时,都有“深深地”之意,但deep用于具体的深度,包括时间和空间。而deeply用于抽象的、比喻的意义;再者deeply可以修饰形容词和过去分词,deep 则不能。如: ① They lived deep in the sea.他们深潜海里。 ② I?m deeply sory for your uncle?s death. 为你叔叔的去世我深表遗憾。

§146

defend/ protect

Ⅰ. defend “保卫、保护、捍卫”指采取积极措施以抵御或击退外来的威胁或攻击。它还可以表示“为??辩护”。如: ① It is the duty of every citizen to defend his country.保卫祖国是每一个公民的职责。 ② He defended his comrades from harm. 他保护同志使其不受伤害。 ③ They defended the fundamental principles of Marxism-Leninism. 他们捍卫了马克思列宁主

义的基本原则。 ④ He made a long speech definding his ideas. 他发表长篇演说为他的见解辩护。 Ⅱ. protect “保护”指采取措施,使之不受伤害或损害。如: ① The government protects the people?s interests. 政府保护人民的利益。 ② He built a fence to protect his garden. 他围起了篱笆以保护园子。

§147

department store/ shop/ store

Ⅰ. department store “百货公司”原是美国用法,现在英也用了。不过英也把百货公司叫stores.如: ① I?m going to the department store. 我要到百货公司去。 ② I get most things at the stores. 大部分东西我是在百货公司买的。 [注]:在美国,杂货商店(铺)叫grocery 或drugstore. Ⅱ. shop “商店、店铺”,在英国,零售商店一般都叫shop.如: ① The shop opens at eight o?clock. 商店八点钟开门。 ② The shop sells embroideries.那家商店出售刺绣品。 Ⅲ. store“商店、店铺”,在美国,零售店一般叫store. 如: ① He keeps a store in New Youk. 他在纽约开了一个商店。 ② The wares in that store are dear. 那家店里的东西很贵。

§148 desire/ wish/ want/ hope/ expect

Ⅰ. desire 表“想、希望”等意。着重表强烈的愿望,热切的心情。如: ① I desired to see you. 我很想见见你。 ② He desired success. 他渴望成功。

Ⅱ. wish 语气不如desire 强,且可以表示一种不能实现的愿望,(从句动词有虚拟语气形式);后接“不


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