【Chapter 1】
7． 8. 12. tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid Aliens confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu Translation loans chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see Semantic loans dream Denizens kettle die wall skirt husband
【Chapter 4】
Affixation
5. non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic
6. harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten a. apologized d. sympathized g. memorizing
incapable insecurity inability/disability illegal disloyal
impractical irrelevant unofficially disagreement inconvenient
horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize
modernize apologize sterilize beautify
b. beautify e. fatten h. Sterilize
c. lengthening f. falsify
7. 8.
a. employee d. waitress g. pianist b. politician c. participant e. conductor f. teacher h. examinee/examiner
trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculture
super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural auto- = self: autobiography, automobile sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compounding heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O] movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv] far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a] lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a] boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O] snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n] on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a] light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]
4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homebound needle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthy bar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wide clear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyle self-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadness sister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-produced half-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-green age-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-based
Conversion
7. a. stomach [n → v] b. room [n → v] c. wolf [n → v] d. come/go [v → n] e. familiar [a → n] f. innocent [a → n] g. flat [a → n] h. ah/ ouch [int → v] i. warm [a → n] j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n] k. Hamlet [proper n → v] l. buy [v → n] m. smooth [a → v]
Blending
motel (motor + hotel) humint (human + intelligence) advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) psywarrior (psychological warrior) hoverport (hovercraft + port) chunnel (channel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cinemactress (cinema + actress)
Clipping
copter (helicopter) dorm (dormitory) lab (laboratory) prefab (prefabricated house) gas (gasoline) prof (professor) scope (telescope) champ (champion) sarge (sergeant) mike (microphone) ad (advertisement) tec (detective)
Acronymy
2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer
cm = centimeter $ = dollar ibid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very important person
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries TOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language
3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDS e. Laser f. WHO g. sonar
Backformation 2. lase (laser)
escalate (escalator) babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) orate (orator)
commute (commuter)
Commonization of Proper Names
a. tantalize—Tantalus b. Argus-eyed—Argus c. narcissism—Narcissus d. sabotage—sabots e. martinet—Martinet f. yahoo—Yahoo g. Shylock—Shylock h. hoovering—Hoover i. utopia—Utopia
j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom
d. BASIC
h. G-man
【Chapter 5】
6. apes—b birds—a cattle—m cricket—n doves—c foxes—j geese—k sheep—f wolves—g monkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—h turkeys—d swans—i
9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc. b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror\ c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.
10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral) articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive) gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)
fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive) mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative) 11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative 1 particular fastidious/fussy 2 critical fault-finding/picky 3 style/vogue fad 4 artful cunning/sly 5 unstable fickle/capricious 6 developing underdeveloped/ backward 7 encourage/ promote instigate 8 group clique/gang 14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
-HUMAN bull cow calf +BOVINE rooster hen chicken +GALLINE +MALE -MALE +ADULT
【Chapter 6】
Polysemy 4.
boarda piece of timbertabledining tablefood served at the table; mealsupplied by the week or monthcouncil tablecouncilors; committee; directorsof a company Homonymy
4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread. 2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm. 3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.
Synonymy
3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politely emancipate: set free customary: usual width: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residue innocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance