9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.
A stitch in time saves nine.
b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks, better let me.”
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger. have a finger in the pie
d. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think.
Speech is silver, silence is golden.
e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel. wheel within wheels
f. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks. make bricks without straw 10. wind and weather wheeling and dealing
waifs and strays town and gown top and tail time after time rules and regulations rise and fall rags and tatters puff and blow pick and shovel peace and quiet over and above one and only off and on neck and neck shoulder to shoulder moan and groan milk and water man and beast
11. a. 好奇伤身。
b. 闻声知鸟。／闻言知人。 c. 种瓜得瓜。／种豆得豆。
d. 美貌只是一层皮。／不可以貌取人。 e. 良药苦口。
f. 谨慎是安全之本。
g. 子为人之父。／从小看大。
h. 不满是前进的第一步。／不满就是进步的开始 i. 入乡随俗。
j. 吃一堑，长一智。
k. 烈火试真金，逆境炼意志。
【Chapter 10】
14. draft (AmE)—draught (BrE) gaol (BrE)—jail (AmE) aesthetic (BrE)—esthetic (AmE) check (AmE)—cheque (BrE) travel (AmE)—travell (BrE) catalog (AmE)—catalogue (BrE)
16. subway (AmE) = underground/ tube (BrE) subway (BrE): underground passage way across a road public school (AmE) = private school (BrE esp. boarding school)
17. The information can be found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p590.
18. The expressions can be found in Language Notes entitled Thanks in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p1097.
19. The information can be found in Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995 Britain; 2000 上海外语教育出版社)。 rich: ◆◆◆◆◇ = belonging to 1200 wealthy: ◆◆◇◇◇= belonging to 3200 affluent: ◆◇◇◇◇= belonging to 8100 These words can not be used interchangeably because they differ in intensity of meaning, in range of meaning and in formality. Generally the higher the frequency of use, the more common it is. Comparatively, affluent is the most formal, strongest and most infrequently-used word.
20. dull has 9 meanings; 5 synonyms; 4 antonyms; 6 superordinates (CCED 1987, p439)
21. blurt has two meanings, for meaning 1, the information given in the Extra Column is: V + O/REPORT-CL/QUOTE + A(out), or V + QUOTE; ≠ bottle up. That means blurt is a verb followed by object or object clause, or by direct quote (直接引语) followed by adverbial out; its antonym is bottle up. For meaning 2, we find: V + O/REPORT/QUOTE + A (out).
22. on an empty stomach = Route to find information: empty (key word) → empty stomach →EAT 12 (EAT has 14 meanings), meaning without having eaten anything. corporal punishment = Route to find information: punishment →corporal punishment, meaning punishment by hitting usually with a stick.
【Chapter 2】 Ex.1
The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
2.
Indo-European Language Family
Celtic Italian Hellenic
Germanic
Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian
Roumanian Hindi Lithuanian Persian Prussian Polish Russian
Breton Spanish Scottish Irish
French Italian
Greek
English Swedish German Norweigian Icelandic Danish Dutch
Portuguese
Slavenian Bulgarian
6.
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.
8. eventful [Latin + English]
hydroplane [Greek + Latin] pacifist [Latin + Greek]
falsehood [ Latin + English] saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]
joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]
9.
amateur (late) peace (E)
finacé (late)
empire (early)
courage (E)
chair (E)
garage (L) chaise (L) routine (L)
genre (L)
judgement (E) grace (E)
servant (E)
jealous (E) gender (E) state (E)
savaté (L) début (L) chez (L)
morale (L)
ballet (L)
11. allegro, f
轻快
andante, j 行板
diminuendo, g 渐弱 largo, d
缓慢
pianoforte, a 轻转慢 alto, i
女低音
crescendo, b 渐强 forte, e
轻 女高音 强
piano, h
12.
soprano, c
cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp)
snorkel (G) tulip (Turk)
wok (Ch)
chocolate (Mex)
shampoo (Indian) tepee (Am Ind) kibitz (G)
jubilee (Gr)
Sabbath (Heb)
chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex) cotton (Arab) loot (Hindi)
voodoo (Afr) sauerbraten (G)
13.
a. alligator
b. loco
c. rodeo e. igloo
d. bonanza f. blitzkrieg h. canoe j. boomerang
g. wigwam i. hurricane k. panchos
【Chapter 3】
1. a. morpheme b. allomorph c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme e. affix f. informational affix g. derivational affix h. root i. stem j. base
3. individualistic individualist + ic [stem, base] individual + ist [stem, base] individu + al [stem, base] in + dividu [root, stem, base] undesirables un + desirable [stem, base] desir + able [root, stem, base] free morpheme = free root morpheme bound root bound morpheme inflectional affix affix prefix derivational affix suffix