responsibility we should bear
19. It is blameless to pursue economic benefit．but the economic benefits and self—value
should be achieved ·through self effort，through providing the customers with quality products and service and creating values for the society．Integrity is priceless and we should stress integrity in the quality issue，Integrity is a good moral character that will shine forever，and with it we will have more cohesion and go farther．We should treat the customer sincerely and show our quality and responsibility to the users and to the society through our high quality product and service．Our industry could also consider formulating and implementing the industrial code of ethics to promote the integrity construction and quality improvement．
20. The new round of swift and violent development is sharply changing the pattern of
stainless steel supply and demand．When China’s stainless steel capacity is about to reach that of the whole Europe，this long life steel material will probably see periodic market saturation and stable growth rate of apparent consumption．Considering the shortage of nickel resources and following the scientific development concept，it has been common understanding to develop the less expensive and more practical ferrous stainless steels．The application area of stainless steel should be expanded and more suitable varieties should be developed persistently for the vast rural market，small and medium size city construction and for automobile，chemical，food and building and construction industries．
21. In insurance，the party who insures others against possible loss o r damage and undertakes to make payment in case of loss is called the insurer；the party who is insured against possible loss and to whom payment covering the loss will be made is called the insured．The contract made between the insure r and the insured is the insurance pal icy．The amount of money the in—sure r agrees to cove r by insurance against the subject matte r is the insured amount(which is usually the amount of CIF value of the consignment plus 10％representing an anticipated profit for the buyer)．The sum of money the insured agrees to pay the insure r for an insurance policy is called premium．
22. Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism by which an organization can exchange its
uncertainty for certainty. The uncertainty experienced would include whether a loss will occur, when it will take place, how severe it will be and how frequent there might be in a year. This uncertainty makes it very difficult to budget and so the organization seeks ways of controlling the financial effect of the risk. Insurance offers the opportunity to exchange this uncertain loss for a certain loss: the insurance premium. The organization agrees to pay a fixed premium, in return, the insurance company agrees to meet any losses which fall within the terms of the policy. This is a risk transfer mechanism which is of immense value not only to industry, but
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also to individuals.
23. Long-term investment refers to the investment not intended to be realized within a year,
including shares investment, bonds investment and other investments.
Shares investment and other investments shall be accounted for by cost method or equity method respectively, in accordance with different situation.
Bonds investment shall be accounted for according to actual amount paid The interest accrued contained in the actually paid amount shall be accounted for separately.
24. Law on Production Safety
Article 19 The mines and construction entities as well as those engaged in the production, selling and storage of hazardous substances shall establish an administrative organ for production safety or have full-time personnel for the administration of production safety.
The persons-in-charge and the personnel for the administration of production safety of the entities that are engaged in the production, selling and storage of hazardous substances and the mines and construction entities shall not take their positions until they have passed the examinations of the administrative departments concerning the knowledge and management capacity of production safety.
25. During the oxidizing stage, oxygen gas is usually injected into bath. An additional
injection can accelerate the melting phase and oxidize directly phosphorus, silicon, manganese, carbon, and iron of metal. During the oxidation period, the reactions that occur in the bath of the basic electric-arc furnace are similar to those in the basic oxygen furnace. When these oxides included in the slag react with the carbon of the bath, this gives rise to the gaseous carbon monoxide which causes the heat to boil and hydrogen, nitrogen and non-metallic compounds escape as gases.
26 Vacuum treatment is based on the following consideration. Dissolved gases only partly
escape while the steel solidifies/for this reason, all steels contain quantities of the gases: hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, which cause embrittlement, voids, inclusion, and other undesirable phenomena in the steel after it solidifies. This impoverishes the technological properties of the steel. For example, hydrogen in solution in solid steel has a deleterious effect upon the mechanical properties; ductility is lowered without a corresponding increase in strength and also leads to cracking in highly-stressed components. Nitrogen lowers the ability of steels to undergo deep drawing operations. If the external pressure is lowered, then the gas which is dissolved in the metal can escape.
27. During decarburization, additions are made for obtaining the proper final chemical composition. These additions usually consist of desired amounts of high carbon
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ferrochromium, stainless steel scrap, carbon steel scrap, nickel, iron, high carbon ferromanganese, and molybdenum oxide. These additions serve to reduce the bath temperature as carbon and chromium oxidation are exothermic. In general, the bath temperature is controlled to less than 1720°C. Total alloy addition weights are in the range of 5–30% of tap weight.
28. The dilution technique is that used by the AOD and all converter processes. The injection
of inert gas (argon or nitrogen) lowers the partial pressure of CO in the bath, thus allowing higher chromium contents to be in equilibrium with lower carbon contents。Duplex processes are used for making stainless steels. There is an electric arc furnace or similar melting unit that melts down scrap, ferroalloys and other raw materials to produce the hot metal. The hot metal, which contains most of the chromium and nickel as well as some other alloying elements, is the charge to the converters. The converters are used to achieve low carbon stainless steels which may be tapped into a teeming ladle. The EAF-AOD process is one such duplex route.
29. Special techniques are used for producing hot formed tubes. For manufacturing the
seamless variety, there are basically three stages:
- piercing a heated bloom into a hollow bloom by a variety of techniques (press piercing, rotary piercing) - ―stretch reducing the hollow block into a tube blank - finishing the reheated tube blank into a tube,
In addition, they are combinations of piercing and stretch reducing.
For piercing purposes, two-high rotary piercing mills have gained the widest significance. The cross rolling action causes the core of the bloom to loosen so that it can be driven over a piercer.
30. In themochemical treatment, the chemical composition of the steel is selectively changed by diffusing one or several elements into or out of the surface layer. This process is designed for arriving at definite properties such as scale resistance, corrosion resistance, or enhanced wear resistance. Nitrogen, aluminum, silicon, boron and chromium are the elements mainly used in these themochemical processes.
Besides the separately carried out heat-treatment, processes, controlled cooling applied in connection with the deformation processes is of growing importance as it allows additional downstream heat treatment to be dispensed with.
31. Themomechenical treatment is a hot-forming process in which both temperature and
deformation are controlled in order to achieve a specific condition of metal and hence certain
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properties.
Strip is frequently heat treated in batch-type annealing furnaces. For this purpose the strip must be coiled. Continuous rolling has to be interrupted to result in discontinuous heat treatment. Continuous annealing installations are already must for strip. The advantages are the following:
- reduced cycle times,
- improved surface and flatness
- more homogeneous mechanical strength,
- higher strength at lower quantities of alloying elements/
32. Shafting is the machine element that supports a roller and wheel so that they can perform
their basic functions of rotation．Shafting, made from round metaI bars of various lengths and machined to dimension the surface, is used in a great variety of shapes and applications. Because shafts carry loads and transmit power，they are subject to the stresses and strains of operating machine parts．Standardized procedures have been evolved for determining the material characteristics and size requirements for safe and economical construction and operation．
33. A bearing can be defined as a member specifically designed to support moving machine components．The most common bearing application is the support of a rotating shaft that is transmitting power from one location to another. Since there is always relative motion between a bearing and its mating surface，friction is involved．In many instances，such as the design of pulleys，brakes，and clutches，friction is desirable. However，in the case of bearings, the reduction of friction is one of the prime considerations：Friction results in loss of power，the generation of heat，and increased wear of mating surfaces.
34. Plain Carbon Steels：This category of steels includes those materials which are a combination of iron and carbon with no alloying elements．As the carbon content in these materials is increased，the ductility (ability to stretch or elongate without breaking) of the materiaI is reduced．Plain carbon steels are numbered in a four digit code according to the AISI or SAE system (i. e.10XX). The last two digits of the code indicate the carbon content of the material in hundredths of a percentage point. For example, a 1018 steel has a 0.18-percent carbon content．
35. Stainless Steels：As the name implies，this group of materials is designed to resist oxidation and other forms of corrosion，in addition to heat in some instances．These
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materials tend to have significantly greater corrosion resistance than their plain or alloy steel counterparts due to the substantial additions of chromium as an alloying element．Stainless steels are used extensively in the food processing，chemical and petroleum industries to transfer corrosive liquids between processing and storage facilities．
不锈钢：正如名称所示，这组材料特别抗氧化和其他形式的腐蚀，某些情况下还能抗热。由于添加了大量的合金元素铬，不锈钢与一般的碳素钢和合金钢相比，有明显较强的抗腐蚀性。在食品加工，化学和石油行业中，不锈钢广泛用于加工和存储设备之间腐蚀性液体的输送。
36. Tool Steels： This group of high strength steels is often used in the manufacture of cutting tools for metals，wood and other workpiece materials．In addition，these high-strength materials are used as die and punch materials due to their extreme hardness and wear resistance after heat treatment．The key to achieving the hardness，strength and wear-resistance desired for any tool steel is normally through careful heat treatment．These materials are available in a wide variety of grades with a substantial number of chemical compositions designed to satisfy specific as well as general application criteria.
37 Casting is the introduction of molten metal into a cavity or mold where，upon solidification，it becomes an object whose shape is determined by mold configuration．Casting offers several advantages over other method of metal forming：it is adaptable to intricate shapes，to extremely large pieces，and to mass production；it can provide parts with uniform physical and mechanical properties through out and，depending on the particular material being cast，the design of the part，and the quantity being produced，its economic advantages can surpass other processes.
38. Annealing Annealing is the process of softening steel to relieve internal strain．This makes the steel easier to machine．The metal is heated above the critical temperature and cooled slowly．The most common method is to place the steel in the furnace and heat it thoroughly．Then turn off the furnace，allowing the metal to cool slowly . Another method is to pack the metal in clay，heat it to the critical temperature，remove it from the furnace，and allow it to cool slowly．
39. Extrusion is employed for producing both complicated as well as hollow sections. Having been heated to press temperature, the blank is inserted into a thick-walled press chamber at one end. The chamber is closed by a die containing the profile to be produced. From the opposite side, the ram，using glass powder as a lubricant, presses the material through the
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