B. You’ll never be promoted
C. Traditional people will accuse (指责) you of the violation of law D. You’ll have misunderstanding from other people
57. What’s the difference between the word ―hat‖ and word ―chapeau‖? A. The objects they refer to are slightly different in shape
B. They refer to the same object with different language symbols C. They express different meanings to different people
D. They show people’s different tastes in their choice of language 58. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that________
A. symbol values of either language or money don’t exist outside communities B. symbols of thought can’t express any meaning without common agreement C. money is in itself something of value
D. only bills produced by the government are accepted of value
59. Which one of the following adjectives can’t be applied to language? A. Unstable B. Private C. Symbolic D. Subjective 60. We can conclude from the passage that________
A. people living alone in the desert regard money as of no value
B. compared with a man who can properly use language, a man who can’t do so has less chance of success
C. water is often more valuable than dollar bills in the desert D. all words and forms are valid in a speech community
Part IV Writing (20 points)
Directions: For this part, you are to write an essay on the topic Computer Network in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be about 80-100 words, not including the words given. You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet.
Computer Network
1) Computer networks have enabled us to do a number of things more easily and quickly. 2) However, if not properly dealt with, Internet would bring problems too. 3) Therefore, the safety of networks has increasingly become a public concern.
Part V Choose TWO passages and translate them into Chinese (20 points)
Passage 1 The blast furnace works continuously and is essential that conditions are arranged to promote uniformity of working in the furnace. The ore should be reasonably uniform in its properties and, when several ores are used together, these should be well mixed before charging to the furnace. A large number of layers of ore are laid on bed by spreading machines. Slices are then cut vertically through the bed, so that the same amount of each layer of ore is obtained for each batch charged to the furnace.
Passage 2 Metals and alloys can be added to liquid steel at various stages in the steelmaking process, e.g. inside the furnace, during furnace tapping, in the ladle furnace, during vacuum treatment, etc. The timing of the additions depends on the process route, the shop logistics and on certain characteristics of the addition in question such as its melting point, volatility and its susceptibility to oxidation.
35
Several methods of alloy addition are practiced. Examples are: throwing of filled bags, adding with a shovel or via mechanized chutes, wire feeding, powder injection, bullet shooting, etc.
Passage 3 The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations，and provide extended analysis of available data．Interactive systems，based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM)．Through such systems，it is possible for one to transmit conceptual ideas to punched tapes for numerical machine control without having formal working drawings．
Passage 4 Annealing is the process of softening steel to relieve internal strain．This makes the steel easier to machine．The metal is heated above the critical temperature and cooled slowly．The most common method is to place the steel in the furnace and heat it thoroughly．Then turn off the furnace，allowing the metal to cool slowly . Another method is to pack the metal in clay，heat it to the critical temperature，remove it from the furnace，and allow it to cool slowly．
Passage 5 Internet technology can be used to distribute and share information inside the organization as well as to connect to the outside. Many organizations are starting to build internal networks called intranets based on Internet technology. An intranet is an internal organizational network that is modeled on the Web. It uses the existing company network infrastructure, Internet communication standards, and the software developed for the World Wide Web. By applying Internet technology to their own business applications, companies can communicate and distribute information across the enterprise while keeping unauthorized users out.
Passage 6 However, the term is typically reserved for larger, more broadly based applications. The introduction of an ERP system to replace two or more independent applications eliminates the need for external interfaces previously required between systems, and provides additional benefits ranging from standardization and lower maintenance(one system instead of two or more) to easier and/or greater reporting capabilities (as all data is typically kept in one database).
Examples of modules in an ERP which formerly would have been stand-alone applications include: Manufacturing, Supply Chain, Financials, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Human Resources, Warehouse Management and Decision Support System.
Passage 7 Music is often divided into several categories, or groups. Some of the categories are:
classical music, traditional music, rock music, and jazz music. The first kind, classical, refers to orchestral music that originated in Europe a few hundred years ago. Most of the original classical music was composed or written in Italy, Germany, Austria, or Russia. Classical music is usually played with a variety of strings and wind instruments.
Passage 8 A woman came out of her house and saw three old men with long white beards sitting in
her front yard. She did not recognize them. She said, “I don’t think I know you, but you must be hungry. Please come in and have something to eat.” ―Is the man of the house home?‖ they asked. ―No‖, she said. ―He’s out.‖
―Then we cannot come in,‖ they replied.
参考答案
第一部分 二级强化词汇与结构练习
Practice 1 BCACD BDCBA DCCBD ACBAB Practice 2 BABCD CDCBC DBCCA BDBCA
36
Practice 3 ABCDC BADBC ADDBC AACCA Practice 4 CCDDC ACDAC CBBBC AACAD Practice 5 CADBC BDBBB DCCBD CBACA Practice 6 ACBAC CBCCB BDBAB ACDAD Practice 7 BBCCC DADBC DCACA BBCBD Practice 8 BCDCA DCACB CCACD ABABC
第二部分 二级强化班翻译练习
参考译文：
1. 当振动力大于摩擦力时，普通螺帽就会松动。但螺帽与锁紧垫圈配合使用时，锁紧垫圈的自锁紧特性就可以防止螺帽松开。只有当螺栓长度与其所装配零件间距离出现变化，导致螺栓松动时，锁紧垫圈才起作用。螺栓长度变化可能有多种原因——螺栓内部蠕动、无回弹力、螺栓与栓接件之间不同的热膨胀量，或者出现磨损。当上述情况出现在静态条件下时，锁紧垫圈轴向胀开顶紧螺帽，保持组件紧固。但如果相对变化是由振动引起的，这时锁紧垫圈几乎就不起作用。
2. 铆接是最常用的装配飞机的方法。一架中型轰炸机需要16万个铆钉，而一架重型轰炸机需要40万个铆钉。铆钉形状可以是斜柄实心铆钉、管形或空心铆钉、半管形铆钉、挤压铆钉、开口铆钉、埋头铆钉等。实心铆钉用在高强度的场合。管形铆钉用于紧固各种皮带。开口铆钉常用于制造箱包。用于制造铆钉的材料有铝合金、蒙乃尔合金、铜和钢。铝铆钉可以最大程度地减轻重量而且相当抗腐蚀。
3. 斜齿轮具有某些优点。例如：连接两平行轴时，斜齿轮比齿数相同、使用相同刀具切削的直齿轮有更大的承载能力。由于轮齿的重迭作用，斜齿轮运行更平稳，节线速度比直齿轮更快。节线速度就是节圆的速度。由于轮齿向旋转轴倾斜，所以斜齿轮会产生轴向推力。如果单独使用，推力就必须由轴承来承受。推力问题可以通过在同一坯件上切削两组相反的斜齿来克服。
4. 同步齿形皮带在其内表面有均匀分布的齿，齿与在滑轮圆周上所开齿槽相啮合产生刚性、无滑动、恒速的驱动，与链式传动类似。它们常用于替代链条或齿轮，可以减小噪音又不需要润滑槽或润滑系统。同时也广泛应用于微型定时操作中。同步齿形皮带也叫做同步或楔形齿皮带，在所有带式传动中需要张力最少而效率最高。它们可以以800米／秒速度传送动力最高达150千瓦，且无低速限制。缺点是初始成本高；必须给带轮开槽；没有过载及卡滞保护；没有离合器作用和齿间隙。 5. 碳素钢主要由铁和碳组成，而合金钢是由铁、碳和许多其他合金元素合成。合金钢的目的在于增强材料的机械性能和最终的可制造性。机械性能的增强包括提高刚性，抗拉强度．可淬硬性(相对容易获得较高的硬度)，塑性和耐磨性。使用合金元素能改变热处理钢的最终颗粒大小，生产出切削级别较低的产品。合金钢的主要类型有：镍，铬，锰，钒，钼，铬镍，铬钒，铬铝和镍钼。
6. 轧制钢包括条钢、圆钢和结构钢，是把钢用轧制成形的方法生产出来的。热轧钢材是当金属处于赤热状态下成形的。金属通过一系列轧辊，每组轧辊比上一组轧辊的开口稍小一些。当钢材通过最后一组轧辊后，热水喷到钢材上便产生淡蓝色的氧化皮。这
37
种钢材的质量相当均匀，可用来制造许多种不同的零件。优质热轧棒材用来生产冷精轧钢材。冷精轧钢材用于需要高精度、高表面光洁度和某些机械性能的场合。
7. 辊轧成形（冷弯）是将金属由薄板、钢带或者钢卷加工成横截面基本均匀型材的一种连续加工工艺。材料送入连续布置的成对轧辊之间，材料渐次成形直到达到所要求的横截面为止。在此工艺中只进行弯曲过程，材料除了在弯曲半径处轻微变薄外，厚度不会改变。锻造是人类所知的最古老的金属加工工艺之一。早在公元前2000年，锻造即被用于生产武器、工具和珠宝。这一工艺是手工使用简单的锤子完成的。铸造是将熔化的金属导入型腔或铸模中，在那里金属一旦凝固就会变成一个形状由铸模轮廓确定的物件。
8. 金属铸造工艺有两大类：铸锭(包括连续铸造)和铸型。铸锭是将熔化的金属倒入永久的或可以重复使用的铸模中制造出来的。凝固之后，这些锭(或棒料、板坯或方坯)被进一步机械加工成多种新的形状。铸型包括将熔化的金属倒入铸模，铸模的型腔提供了最终可用的形状，之后仅需根据具体应用进行加工和焊接即可。
9. 当今使用的三种主要的电弧焊工艺是手工电弧焊、气体保护钨极电弧焊和熔化极气体保护电弧焊。电焊工焊接的技巧是首先在焊缝起点处起弧后，保持该电弧来融合金属接缝。焊条头部的熔化金属，与两焊件接缝处的熔化金属一起熔敷在焊口处，凝固后形成坚固均匀的接缝。电焊工在作业前要选择适合的焊条，或者遵守岗位操作规范中所给出的操作说明，弄清楚焊接代表符号的含义，并按所要求的焊接技术焊接该焊缝。
10. 回火是一种降低硬度和强度并提高韧性的方法。它能消除淬火工件的脆性。回火是在淬火之后采用的使金属尽可能变硬变韧的方法。回火是把金属二次加热到低温或中温，然后进行水冷或空冷。当金属回火加热时，其颜色也随之发生变化。这些颜色叫做回火色。观察这些颜色可以知道何时达到规定的温度。当然，更精确的方法是使用高温计进行观察。许多零件和制品都是要整体回火的。还有一些是部分回火，其余部分仍为淬火状态。
11. 淬火 淬火工艺是把钢加热后冷却以提高其硬度、抗拉强度，降低其韧性，获得细晶粒组织结构。工艺过程包括把金属加热到它的临界点或临界温度以上，然后迅速予以冷却。随着钢的加热，在铁和碳之间就发生物理变化和化学变化。临界点，或临界温度，是钢具有最理想特性的温度。当钢达到这一温度(界于1400～1600°F之间)后，如果予以迅速冷却，这一温度变化对获得坚硬的高强度材料是很理想的。如果金属慢慢冷却，它就会变回到原来的状态。把炽热的金属投入水、油或盐水中(水冷)，就可以保持理想的特性。这样金属就变得很硬，强度很高，而韧性比从前要差。 12. 传感器、变送器以及信号调制器件的精度对控制系统尤为重要，这主要有以下两方面的原因。一个方面，由于检测环节位于反馈控制系统的反馈通道上，因此即使利用检测环节弥补开环控制系统的性能低下，检测环节上的任何误差都会直接反映在控制系统中，并且如果误差信号的来源不能确定，则其所造成的扰动也就难以消除。另外，整体控制系统对测量系统参数的变化很敏感，这种敏感即使提高环路增益也无法降
38
低，这和对开环组件的敏感大相径庭。
13. 专家系统是一个智能计算机程序，它能够利用人类知识和推理决策手段解决那些很难的需要专家技术才能处理的问题。专家系统的知识由经验知识和启发性知识组成。经验知识是共有的、可广泛获取的并得到某一领域专家们认可的一个信息体系；启发性知识则更多属于个人、而非经讨论得到的合理判断法则（合理推理法则，合理猜想法则），表现为该领域的专家决策准则。一个专家系统的性能主要取决于它所拥有的知识规模的大小以及质量的高低。
14. 专家系统在许多方面不同于通常意义上的计算机程序。首先，专家系统对当前待解决的问题域（输入数据）有清晰的知识范围描述（知识库形成规则）；其次，专家系统知道如何利用这些知识解决当前问题（规则解释器）。在专家系统中，系统本身只起到一个解释器（或推理决策机制）的作用，可以通过增加或减少知识库中的规则对系统进行修改。 15. Internet 技术能用来在机构内部分发和共享信息，也能链接到外界。基于Internet 技术，许多公司开始建立自己的内部网络 ，称为企业内部互联网。企业网是一个机构的内部网络，该网络效仿Web 。它利用公司现有的网络基础设施、Internet通信标准和为万维网开发的软件，通过将Internet 技术应用到它们自己的商业应用中去，公司可以通过企业网发布、传送信息，从而阻止未授权用户的入侵。
16. 随着英特网技术的出现，病毒已变得特别危险，因为英特网使病毒传播更加容易。诸如Java和ActiveX这样的技术提出十分重要的新问题。ActiveX构件(applet)可以在系统的后台自动安装并且装入一个新文件。反病毒研究人员担心，有意破坏的插件会按这种方法输入病毒。
网络协会的McAFee实验室经理Shannon Talbott说，新的过滤性毒菌或许将沿用这种思路。一些反病毒销售商出售限制恶意Java插件(applet)和ActiveX控制的产品。
17. 太钢拥有国际先进水平的以铁水为主原料的冶炼-精炼-连住铸-热轧-冷轧全流程不锈钢生产线，已形成包括冷轧卷（板）、热轧卷板、热轧中厚板、复合钢板、棒材、线材、无缝管、焊管、大型铸件在内的不锈钢产品系列。可按照中国国家标准、欧标、美标、日标、生产奥氏体、马氏体、铁素体、双相钢、沉淀硬化各系列多规格的不锈钢常规品种及高端品种。可生产20mm厚、2100mm宽的热轧卷板：100mm厚、3000mm宽的热轧中厚板；0.4-0.8mm厚、1500-2100mm宽的宽幅冷轧薄板。可提供no.1、2B、BA、2D、NO3、NO4和HL等各种表面加工等级的板材。
18. 作为中国不锈钢工业，我们要执行国家的政策，追随世界的潮流，要通过管理、技术等手段，实现在煤、油、天然气、电等能源，以及水、金属等资源方面最大的节约和合理的使用；同时要注意环保，要减排温室气体，不要让污水、废气、废渣、噪声等污染我们赖以生存的环境。可持续性发展是我们自身及后代切身利益的必然要求，是我们理应肩负的责任。
19. 从价值观、道德观、诚信品质角度看质量追求经济利益，无可厚非，但我们应该通过自身的劳动，通过为用户提供满意的高质量的产品和服务，通过为社会创造价值，
39