中文摘要
从无缝线路的定义与铺设无缝线路的意义出发, 介绍了无缝线路养护和维修的主要规定、基本要求、原则及要点;对无缝线路工作中存在的问题进行分析,找出了发生无缝线路胀轨的主要原因,并针对实际情况,就如何落实标准化,加强无缝线路管理,保证无缝线路设备安全提出了相应的对策;且在总结经验的基础上,从胀轨跑道发生的原因、预兆、预防、处理上作了全面论述,有利于无缝线路的养护维修和运营安全;铁路工务事故从钢轨裂纹、折断,夹板裂纹、折断,辙叉的伤损及无缝线路钢轨折断四方面分析了“三折”事故发生的原因,并从接头的养护及钢轨的养护维修方面介绍了防止“三折”事故的措施,以避免这一现象的发生;无缝道岔是无缝线路的薄弱环节,无缝道岔养护维修中发现直尖轨拉成旁弯,尖轨中部轨距减小,直基本股钢轨有较大的附加温度应力,道岔前后钢轨锁定轨温失控,岔前与限位器间实际锁定轨温严重超限等问题;通过实际情况提出通过改进无缝道岔结构方式,及无缝道岔单元管理方式解决道岔存在的问题;曲线是线路上的薄弱环节之一,根据曲线的主要病害对曲线适当做一些养护措施,提高线路质量,保证行车安全;工务设备是铁路运输的基础,经常了解工务设备的变化状态,对于正确组织线路维修及大中修工作,以及充分发挥设备的潜力都有重大意义。
关键词:无缝线路 养护维修 胀轨跑道 轨温 三折 折断 无缝道岔
附加问题应力 直尖轨 工务设备
Abstract
From the definition of CWR CWR and the significance of the laying of the starting,Introduced CWR conservation and maintenance of the main provisions of the basic requirements, principles and key points;CWR work on problems in the analysis of,CWR to identify the occurrence of the main reasons for rail expansion,And for the actual situation, on how to implement standardization, strengthening CWR management, Safety equipment to ensure a seamless line the
corresponding countermeasures; In summing up the experience and on the basis of the track from the runway expansion causes omen, prevention, treatment made a full exposition in favor of CWR conservation maintenance and operating safety; Railway accidents from the public works rail crack, break, crack splint, broken frog CWR of failures and broken rails analysis of four \And from the joints of the conservation and maintenance of rail has been introduced to prevent the \occurrence of this phenomenon; Seamless switch is the weak link in CWR, seamless switch maintenance track found a sharp pull straight into the side bending, the central rail gauge sharp decrease, the basic unit straight rail more additional thermal stress, before and after the rail switch lock track temperature out of control, the bifurcation between the former and limit the actual device temperature lock rail gauge issues such as
serious; Through the actual situation by improving the structure of the seamless way switch, and switch seamlessly switch unit management problems to solve; Line curve is the weak link in one of the main diseases in accordance with curve curve appropriate to do something for
conservation measures to improve the line quality, to ensure traffic safety; Public Works equipment is the basis of railway transport, often to understand the changes in the Public Works equipment, and organizational lines for the correct maintenance and repair large and medium-sized, and give full play to the potential of devices have great significance.
Key words:CWR Maintenance Runway raiy expansion Rail temperature
Three folding Seamless switch Additional problem of stress Pointed straight track Publick works equipment
目 录
1 无缝线路的定义与铺设无缝线路的意义??????????????? 1 1.1 无缝线路的定义 ?????????????????????? 1 1.2 铺设无缝线路的意义????????????????????? 1 2 无缝线路的养护及维修?????????????????????? 4 2.1 维修的主要规定 ?????????????????????? 4 2.1 维修的基本要求 ?????????????????????? 5 2.3 维修原则及要点 ?????????????????????? 6 3 无缝了胀轨跑道的预防与处理??????????????????? 8 3.1 无缝线路胀轨跑道发生的原因????????????????? 8 3.2 发生胀轨跑道的地点????????????????????? 8 3.3 胀轨预兆?????????????????????????? 8 3.4 防止胀轨跑道的措施????????????????????? 8 3.5 无缝线路养护维修应注意的事项???????????????? 9 3.6 无缝线路胀轨跑道的处理???????????????????11 4 铁路工务三折事故的预防 ???????????????????? 13 4.1 “三折”发生的原因 ???????????????????? 13 4.2 无缝线路钢轨折断原因 ?????????????????? 14 4.3 防止“三折”事故的措施?????????????????? 14 5 无缝道岔养护维修中存在的问题及对策?????????????? 17 5.1 道岔养护存在的问题???????????????????? 17 5.2 解决道岔养护中存在问题的对策??????????????? 19 5.3 无缝道岔前后钢轨的锁定轨温管理?????????????? 19 5.4 小结 ?????????????????????????? 20 6 曲线养护维修????????????????????????? 21 6.1 曲线主要病害??????????????????????? 21 6.2 曲线养护的措施?????????????????????? 21 7 结束语???????????????????????????? 24 参考文献???????????????????????????? 29 致谢?????????????????????????????? 27
1 无缝线路的定义与铺设无线路的意义 1.1无缝线路的定义
无缝线路是指将 12.5m、25m钢轨焊接成 200m以上的长轨条的一种轨道结构。
1.2铺设无缝线路的意义
无缝线路既是轨道结构技术进步的重要标志,也是高速载轨道结构的最优选择,它以无可争议的优越性为各国铁路所承认。各国铁路竞相发展无缝线路,近年来,我国铁路无缝线路的发展也很快,技术上有了很大进步。在轨道结构强化方面,60kg/m钢轨已成为各干线的主型轨,轨下基础以 II、III型混凝土枕为主型,道床以 I级硬质道碴为标准,将逐步取代石灰岩道碴,尤其是跨区间无缝线路和无缝道岔的发展,为高速、重载运输的发展打下了坚实基础。
无缝线路问世之前,普通线路上的钢轨接头,既是轨道结构不可缺少的组成部分,又是轨道结构的薄弱环节。
线路上钢轨接头的数量,是由钢轨长度决定的。钢轨越长接头越少,但钢轨越长,轨缝就越大,车轮经过轨缝所产生的振动也越大,因此,钢轨又不能太长。我国铁路钢轨标准长度,过去为12.5m,现在为 25m,1km线路上的钢轨接头数,过去和现在分别为 160个和 80个。
为了改善钢轨接头的工作状态,曾经从接头构造上、材质上采取过很多措施,如轨枕的支承形式和尺寸、夹板断面形状、长度、螺栓个数、轨端淬火等等,但均未能解决接头的缺陷,接头病害依然存在。实践证明,造成接头病害的主原因,有以下几个方面:
(1)接头处一对夹板的刚度,仅为钢轨刚度的 30%左右。如我国 50kg/m钢轨夹板刚度为钢轨刚度的 27.6%,60kg/m钢轨夹板刚度为钢轨刚度的 32.6%。因此,车轮经过钢轨接头时,钢轨的弹性挠曲在该处呈折线形,据测度,其折角约为 4.5×10-3rad,竖向位移也比轨节中部的竖向移大 10%~15%。
(2)在车轮向前滚动临近轨缝的瞬间,两轨端上下相对错动形成台阶。据铁道部科学研究院测试,一般线路上台阶高差为0.02cm,当车轮与其碰撞时,轨道发生强迫振动,这一振动对轨道有较大的破坏作用。