(Winston Churchill: Speech on Hitler’s
Invasion of the U.S.S.R.)
15. Pun(双关)
Pun is a play upon words that are similar in sound but different in sense. It is seldom used except for jest. (笑话、俏皮话=joke)
英语Pun(双关)源自拉丁语paronomazein，意为“以不同的名称称呼”，它是使用同音异义词或同形异义词进行的一种幽默表达方式，该词在句子里有双重或更多的含义，可作不同的解释，以造成一种滑稽、幽默的效果。莎士比亚、狄更斯、马克·吐温、萧伯纳等都是运用双关语的行家。
1). He laid down his arms. (放下手臂 //stopped fighting=放下武器) 2). Eat our corn, you’ll smile from ear to ear. (from year to year=year after year; ??保你笑得合不拢嘴)
3). Seven days without water makes one weak. (week)
4). An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
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16. Paradox (隽语/僻论)
（似非而是的隽语，或自相矛盾的话//看似矛盾其实正确的观点）
隽语/僻论是一种表面上自相矛盾、不合乎逻辑，实际上颇有道理、意味深长的修辞格。
A paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the surface seems self-contradictory, absurd, or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.
Note: proposition见解、观点
succinct//(concise)言简意赅 well-founded有道理的、有根据的
A good example of a paradox is in this passage from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, when Juliet finding out who Romeo is, expressing her feelings in this way:
Nurse: His name is Romeo, and a Montague,
The only son of your great enemy. Juliet: My only love sprung from my only hate. Too early seen unknown and known too late!
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Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathed enemy. ——Shakespeare Note: Prodigious(enormous/colossal)
Loathe(hate)
Colossal(extremely large)
我所钟情所至的是我唯一的世仇， 早已相见不曾相知，而今相知已太迟！ 涌泉的爱浪喷自胸膛， 爱之所以是不共戴天的世敌。
—
—莎士比亚
1). More haste, less speed. (越急越慢)
2). The child is father to the man. (儿童乃成年人之父)
3). Those who have eyes apparently see little. 4). He who praises everybody praise nobody. 5). Women were running out to the line of march,
crying and laughing and kissing.
17. Zeugma (轭式搭配)
Zeugma is a figure of speech in which a single word,
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usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected.
(Syntactically: 在句法上)
Zeugma(轭式搭配)源自希腊文zengunai(用一副轭套上两个牲口)，轭式搭配的形式一般是用一个中心词（通常是形容词、动词或介词）来搭配或修饰两个或更多名词，其中这个中心词只能与一个形成自然搭配（合乎逻辑），而与另一个本来不能搭配（牵强搭配），不过巧妙地借助于前面那个正常的搭配，运用到后者的身上。结果不但不显得牵强，反而具有更强的表现力。正如其名，好像用轭把几头牲口硬套在一起拉车似的。看似硬套，却又能协调行进；看似强扭，却又能产生强大的合力。
1). He killed the boy and the luggage.
(He killed the boys and destroyed the luggage.) 2). Your young rooster( a young officer with the plumed hat) has lost his fine hat and a great deal of his vanity.
( Rooster:雄鸡/自负者; plumed: 有羽毛的) 3). We ate a bun and a glass of milk.
4). She opened the door and her heart to the
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homeless boy.
5). Ten minutes later, the coffee and Commander Dana
of
Naval
Intelligence
arrived
simultaneously.
6). I used to organize my father’s tools, my mother’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriends. 过去我常为父亲摆好工具，为母亲摆好厨房用品，甚至安排姐姐与男朋友约会。
18. Alliteration(头韵)
Alliteration is the use of succession of words with the same initial letter or sound. The repetition of sound usually occurs at the beginning of the words, but sometimes at the middle or end of them. It is a mere device for impressing the memory or pleasing the ear.
头韵指连续重复靠近字词的起头辅音，不一定是重复字词的首字母。头韵既简洁明快，又富于表现力，还具有音乐性，是有效的传达意思的语言手段，经常用在诗歌、文章标题、影片名或广告中。 1). Dumb dogs are dangerous. 2). Peter Piper picked a peck of picked pepper. 笛师彼得从泡菜里捡了一小块辣椒。
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