Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。
26. Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be
judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. 蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。
27. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗
歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。 (III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才
智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。
29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊
漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。
30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the
downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。
31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。
32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an
impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。
33. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。 34. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。 35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个部分
The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特
36. In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the
Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。
37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。 38. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人
性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。
39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他
的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。
40. His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。 41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。
42. He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence
structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文
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风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。
43. Swift?s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier?s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias),
Gulliver?s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。
44. Gulliver?s Travels: Jonathan?s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its
exploration into human nature profound. 《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。 (V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁
45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费
尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。
46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical
Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。
47. a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中
的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。
48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone
and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。 49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种
意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。
50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature. 费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故
事》主题是对人性的讽刺。
51. the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life,
“the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。 52. Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel,” for his contribution to the establishment of the form
of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。 53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the
modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。
54. He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal
workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。
55. Fielding ?s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always
distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。
56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest,
kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18
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卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野57. Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English
country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。
(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
58. The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来
说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。
59. In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周
围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。
60. Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力
充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。
61. His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”; a romance: The History of Rasselas,
Prince of Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。
62. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A
Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。
63. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the
theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。
64. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工
整，包含有许多排比，对仗。
65. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感
觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。 (VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹
66. The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，
谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他大发其财。
67. His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the
masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。 68. In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。
69. The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured,
imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England. No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare. 《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活
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性难驯的缺点。
方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
70. he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂冠奖。
71. In contrast to those professional writers, Gray?s literary output was small.与其余专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。 72. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established
his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。
73. His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat” and so on. (Ode:….赞，颂)他的其他
作品还有《春之颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫之死》等等。
74. A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.
格雷创作态度认真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。
75. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray?s best and most representative work. In this poem, Gray
reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。
Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
1. This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial
Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过
并实施。
3. The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing
social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and
philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social
civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
6. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7. They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，
科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
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8. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,
which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。
9. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联
系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration,
regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。
12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday
life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯
汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14. Jane Austen?s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
15. The major theme of Jane?s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be
justified by reason and disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships. 简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first
major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence,
horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。 (I)William Blake威廉.布莱克
18. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad. He was recognized only
posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。 19. Childhood is central to Blake?s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two
books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
20. Blake?s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. It plays the double role both as a satire and a
revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。
21. The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对
布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22. Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my
work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”
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