立即大获成功。同年，艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。
20. Charlotte?s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and
neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗，都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情，理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。 21. In her mind, man?s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看来，人生就是一场永
不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。
22. All her heroines? highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公
最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。
23. She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture of the English
society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面，她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷，虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面，她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。
24. Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction
to the English novel the first governess heroine.《简爱》：它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。
25. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小
说通过对简热烈的情感，思想以及内心冲突的生动描写，向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。
26. Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外
来者的故事。
(III)Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生
27. He was appointed the Poet Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”的荣誉。
28. Tennyson?s poetic career is also marked out by Idylls of the King (the Celtic legends of King Arthur).丁尼生另一部代表
作是《国王诗歌集》，故事源于凯尔特民族关于亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士的传说。
29. For one thing, the moral standards and sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the
medieval royal people. For the other, the story of the rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization.其一是因为诗中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚并非中世纪的贵族；其二是因为故事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是西方文明周而复始的历史写照。（《国王诗集》并不是古代传奇简单的翻版，而是对古典神话的现代诠释？）
30. Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual picture with musical expressions.丁尼生是一位善于
将可视的风景图画与极富乐感的表达语汇及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺术家。
31. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and
Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天才，还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统，从斯宾塞的梦幻到弥尔顿的壮丽，从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与科勒律治的奇异诡谲，从雪莱与济慈的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事天才，这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔下有所体现。
(IV).Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗宁
32. Like Browning?s other characters in their monologues, these people unconsciously reveal their own characters in the story.
正像布朗宁其他独白作品种的人物，这些人也不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己的性格特点。
33. The name of Browning is often associated with the term: “ dramatic monologue.”《指环与书》一诗使布朗宁成为英国
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最伟大的诗人之一。
34. To Browning, the dramatic monologue is an ingenious means to exploit his literary gift without getting too personal.对布
朗宁来说，戏剧独白是一种既能开发文才，又可与角色保持一定距离的灵活方式。 (V)George Eliot乔治.艾略特
35. Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.而后她
的三部代表作相继问世：《亚当.贝德》、《费洛斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯.马奈尔》
36. In1872， Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot?s greatest achievement.1872年，
《弥都玛持镇》问世，这部作品是她最好的作品。
37. By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating in the lives of
her characters, she initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来，并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中，艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义，并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。 38. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary
influences which govern human action.在作品中，她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争，揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机，冲动及遗传影响。
39. George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and
social aspirations.艾略特特别关心女性的命运，尤其是那些才华出众，渴望步入社会的女性。
40. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth.艾略特认为女人的不幸是出生时就随身带来的。 41. Middlemarch: but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.
《弥都玛持镇》：小说的两个女性主角都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心，但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目标。
(VI)Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代
42. his last two novels: Tess of the D?Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的
裘德》。
43. His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of
Casterbridge, The Woodlanders, Tess of the D?Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. These works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩，如《还乡》，《号兵长》，《卡斯特桥市长》，《林地居民》，《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为纲的小说”，最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。 44. Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl. She finally becomes a victim of the modern society.苔丝，一个单纯忠
诚的乡村女孩，她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。
45. Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。
46. In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and
search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗传的品质，促使他追求某一种幸福成功，从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲突中。 47. He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是个善于深入思考的故事家。
48. They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他们不仅个别的例子，还是普遍的真理。
49. Their plight is not just their own; it applies to any one, any age. And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic
dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures. 他们（小说中的人物）的故事不仅是他们自身的经历，而且具有相当的普遍性。最后，哈代的作品结构完美，语言极富乡土气息与诗情画
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意。
50. Tess of the D?Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical
morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. 《德伯家的苔丝》：苔丝远离故土，外出谋生，与牧师之子安吉尔相识相爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德，抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。
Chapter 5 The Modern Period 现代时期
1. The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。
2. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of
will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。 3. Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian
morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸权。 4. Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and
unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。 5. The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people?s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾
难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。
6. The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了
现代主义的诞生。
7. literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一
战后，所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现，反对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等等。
8. The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人
物有卡夫卡，毕加索，庞德，韦伯恩，T.S.埃略特，乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。
9. After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the
absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。
10. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理
性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。
11. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,
man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然，人与社会，人与人，人与自我之间被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关系。
12. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这
样一来，现代主义作品常被称为反小说，反诗歌与反戏剧。
13. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代，现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。 14. D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing. His interest lay in his tracing of the
psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature. In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold
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psychological exploration of various human relationships. D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法，与乔伊斯不同，劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣，依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节，但他极力展现角色的心理发展，尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中，如《虹》，《恋爱中的女人》，劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理，人际关系，尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。
15. by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将
人变成了无性的机器。
16. Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重要性》。 17. Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士
比亚后，英国最优秀的戏剧大师。
18. The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social
injustice, but also the workers? heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子，其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平，还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。
19. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who
regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代，英国的戏剧复兴了，最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说，戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。
20. This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English
dramatic revolution)戏剧发展为两派：工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。
21. The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a
meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。 (I). George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧伯纳
22. Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and
educating the common people.萧主张艺术应该为社会服务，应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。 23. The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.
His works contain Widowers? House, Mrs. Warren?s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，经济，道德，宗教中的罪恶，表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫的房产》，《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。
24. Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of “Life Force,” the power that would create superior beings to
be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧，探索了“生命的力量”---一种能够与上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。 25. Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject. The Apple Cart is about politics; John Bull?s Other Island is about racial
problems.萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》，关于种族问题的《约翰.布尔的另外岛屿》。
26. Too True to be Good is a better play of the later period, with the author?s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of
the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《难以置信》，主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。
27. One feature of Shaw?s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense
of another.萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。 28. Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧
情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。
29. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.动作的进行不
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仅体现在情节的铺展中，也体现在对白的内涵中。（情节丰富，但不以情节取胜，生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩）
(II). John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华绥
30. The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let. His second Forsyte trilogy, A
Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the chapter, posthumously in 1934.一战之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲，包括《财主》，《骑虎难下》，《出租》。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于1929年问世，第三部《篇章末尾》，则在他去世后的1934年出版。
31. Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the
critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高尔斯华绥是传统型作家，继承了狄更斯，萨克雷等维多利亚时期文学家的优良风格。
32. He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward language.他的语言与风格都是同样的清
晰，直白，毫无做作。
33. The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its
effects upon the personal relationships.《财主》：这部小说展示了费尔塞特家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图，这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的人际关系。
（III）.William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.叶芝
34. In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
35. He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble
emotion.他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身，而是对社会成员的说教及对高尚情感的抒发。
36. His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最优秀的英文诗人之一，是现代文学的中流砥
柱。
37. Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.叶芝还
实现了意义的深邃暗含，因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。
38. “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一诗便是这
样的典范。
39. Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art.他渐渐意识到永恒的美只存在于艺术王
国。
(IV). T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特
40. His first important poem, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要诗作“J. A.布鲁
富克劳的情歌”于1915年问世。
41. He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获许多大奖，包括1948
年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。
42. As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explore in his
early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年，凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气，埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文明在各方个面的衰败，传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。
43. The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness technique.《衰老》一诗很大程
度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法，而且埃略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。
44. The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest
of Eliot?s poems.《空洞的人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》，是埃略特最黑暗的诗。
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