multiplication by 4，the weeks of the month，makes 126，000．And final multiplication by 12，the months of the year，is the total number of words an average reader can read in just15 minutes a day for one year
Books vary in length from 60，000 to 100，000 words．The average is about 75，000 words．In one year，an average reader reading an average book for 15 minutes a day，20 books will be read．That is a lot of books．It is 4 times the number of books read by public--library borrowers in America．And yet it is easily possible．
How can I find time to read?
The answer may not be the last 15 minutes before I go to sleep．It may be 15 minutes a day at some other time. In the busiest of calendars there is probably more than one 15—minute period still unassigned．
There is no universal solution to the problem of finding time for reading．Each of us must find our own 1 5 minute period each day．It is better if it is regular．Then all additional spare minutes are so many bonuses．And，believe me，the opportunities for reading the bonuses are many and unexpected．Last night an uninvited guest turned P to make five for bridge．I had a paperback at hand to make being the fifth at bridge a joy．
The only requirement is the will to read．With it you can find the 15 minutes no matter how busy the day is．And you must have your books at hand．Not even seconds of your 15 minutes must be wasted．Set your books Out in advance．Keep one beside your bed．Place one in your bedroom．Put one near your dining table．Place one into your pocket when you dress．
You cannot escape reading 15 minutes a day，and that means you will read half a book a week，2 books a month，20 books a year，and 1，OOO or more in a reading lifetime．It is an easy way for you to become well-read． Questions：
At what rate does an average reader read an average book?
1)An average reader can read an average book at the rate of 300 words a minute． What is the average length of books? The average length is about 75,000 words What kinds of books can’t you read fast?
We cannot attain that speed with hard books in science，mathematics，agriculture，business，or any subject that is new or unfamiliar to you．The chances are we will never attempt that speed with poetry or want to race through some passages in fiction over which we wish to linger． What is required to become a good reader?
The only requirement is that the will to read． How do you do to have the book at hand?
Set your books out in advance．Keep one beside your bed．Place one in your bedroom，Put one near your dining table．Place one into your pocket when you dress． Passage 13
Psychologist George Splitch and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown，Maryland，decided to find Out whether，as many smokers say，smoking helps them to“think and concentrate”．Splitch put young non—smokers，active smokers and smokers deprived of cigarettes through a series of tests．In the first test，each subject sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96．In this simple test，smokers，deprived smokers and non—smokers performed equally well．
The next test was more complex，requiring a11 to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one．Non——smokers were faster，but under the stimulation of nicotine，active smokers were faster than deprived smokers．
In the third test of short-term memory．Non-smokers made the fewest errors，but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers． The fourth test required people to read a passage，then answer questions about it．N0n-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers，and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing．Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details． “As our tests became more complex．”Sums up Splitch，“non smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins．”He predicts，“Smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated．A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose，but if something went wrong，smoking might damage his mental capacity．’’ Questions：
1)What is the purpose of George Spilich’s experiments?
1)In order to find out whether，as many smokers say，smoking helps them to“think and concentrate”． 2)What does the italicized word“bested”most probably mean(in Para 4)? It most probably mean beat．
3)In the second test，who respond slowest? Deprived smokers．
4)In the third test，who made the most errors? Active smokers．
5)We can infer from the last paragraph that＿?
smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases． Passage 14
The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun，but the man with the portable computer in business class．In the last 15 years pilots have reported well over 100incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interfere．The source of this interference re—mains unconfirmed，but increasingly，experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers，radio and cassette players and mobile telephones．
RTCA，an organization which advised the aviation industry，has recommended that all airlines ban such devices from being used during“critical”stages of flight，particularly take off and landing．Some experts have gone further calling for a total ban during all flights．Currently，rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines．And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take off and landing．most are reluctant to enforce a total ban，given that many passengers want to work during flights． The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s computers．Experts know that portable devices emit radiation，which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication．But，because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory，they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not．
The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment．As worrying，though，is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too lound． Questions：
1) What may be the biggest safety threat facing airlines today? 1)It may be the man with the portable computer in business class．
2) What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years? They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference． 3) What do the electronic devices refer to?
They refer to portable computers，radio，cassette players，mobile telephones and so on.
4) What raises the risk that terrorists may use radio systems to damage navigation equipment? The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference． 5)The passage is mainly about＿ ． a possible cause of aircraft crashes． Passage 15
After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994，earthquake scientists had good news to report．The damage and death toll could have been much worse．
More than 60 people died in this earthquake．By comparison，an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25，000 victims．
Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at4：31 a．m．on a holiday，when traffic was light on the city’s highways．In addition，changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways，making then more resistant to quakes．
Despite the good news，civil engineers aren’t resting on their successes．Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints for improved quake resistant buildings．The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place．
In the past，making structures quake--resistant meant firm yet flexible materials，such as steel and wood，that bind without breaking．Later，people tried to lift a building off its foundation，and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations．The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports．Called smart buildings，the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake’s vibrations．When the ground shakes and the building tips forward，the computer would force the building to shift in the opposite direction．
The new smart structures could be very expensive to build，however，they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes． Questions：
Why did the scientists have good news to report after the earthquake that shook Los Angeles? 1)Because the damage and death toll could have been much worse． How many people died in the Los Angeles earthquake? More than 60 people died．
How many victims were there in the earthquake of similar intensity that shook Americainl988? 25，000 victims．
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Why were injuries and deaths relatively less in Los Angeles earthquake? Because the quake occurred at 4：31 a．m．on a holiday，when traffic was light on the city's highways．In addition，changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways，making them more resistant to quakes． What is the authors main purpose in writing the passage?
The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to report new developments in constructing quake-resistant buildings，
It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes，attention should be focused on＿.
the development of flexible building materials． Passage 16
Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids now，one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it，say some scientists．
Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids that race across the night sky．Most orbit the sun far from earth and don’t threaten us．But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth．
Buy S 50 million worth of new telescopes right now，then spend ﹩10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks．By the time we spot a fatal one，the scientists say，we’ll have a way to change its course．
Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons．But the cost wouldn’t be cheap．
Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are：1)How likely the event is；and 2)How bad the consequences if the event occurs．Experts think an asteroid big enought to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500，000 years．Sounds pretty rare，but if one did fall，it would be the end of the world．“If we don’t take care of these big asteroids，they’11 take care of us，”says one scientist．“It’s that simple．’’ The cure，though，might be worse than the disease．Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? The world has less to fear from doomsday rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them，said a New York Times article． Questions：
1) How many asteroids are there whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth? 1)Thousands of asteroids．
2) What are the two things experts consider when judging any risk?
2)How likely the event is and how bad the consequences if the event occurs．
3) What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids? 3)It may create more problems than it might solve．
4) How often do experts think that an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth? 4)Once every 500，000 years．
5)Which tone does the author use in this passage，objective，optimistic or critical? 5)Objective． Passage 17
Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse．They see a day in the not too—distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust．Other authorities，however，think the auto is here to stay．They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future．
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years．It should become smaller，safer and more economical．And should not be powered by the gasoline engine．The car of the future should be far more pollution free than present types．
Regardless of its power source，the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion．One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system．
When the auto enters the highway system，a retractable arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail，which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically．Once attached to the rail，the car will become electrically powered from the system，and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer．The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system．The compute will calculate the best route，and reserve space for the car a11 the way to the correct exit from the highway．The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer that will warn him of his coming exit．It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10，000 vehicles per hour，compared with the l，500 to 2，000 vehicles that can be carried by a present day highway． Questions：
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the 30 years．What will be the changes? 1)It should become smaller, safer and more economical and should not be powered by the gasoline engine．The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types． What is the proposed solution to the urban traffic congestion problem? 2)Automated highway system is the proposed solution to the problem．
What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system，a rail，a retractable arm or a computer controller? 3)A rail．
Is the author mainly concerned about how to make smaller and safer automobiles or how to solve the problem of traffic jams?
4)How to solve the problem of traffic jams．
What is the author’s attitude toward the future of autos，pessimistic or optimistic? 5)Optimistic． Passage 18
Have you heard about the book which pushes blood types as determining whether some—body should be vegetarian or not?
The idea of choosing foods based on your blood type was popularized by Peter J．D’Adamo，ND，in his book，Eat Right For Your Type．D’Adamo，a naturopath，proposes that those who have blood type A should be vegetarian，while those with blood type 0 must eat meat and eliminate wheat and some other grains．He says that following the correct diet for your blood type will help you maintain optimal health and weight，avoid many infections，and fight back against 1ife—threatening illnesses．Is there any truth to his claims?
While D’Adamo spends more than 350 pages explaining the minute details of the foods，supplements，medications，and exercise regimens，which should be followed by people with each blood type，he fails to scientifically document the effectiveness of his recommendations．Many of the claims，which he makes are not backed up by published research．For example，depending on your blood type，you are presented with detailed lists of foods，which are highly beneficial，neutral，or to be avoided．How were these lists generated? Has any research been published showing adverse health effects from use of foods，which should be avoided? No studies are presented which support what appear to be the author’s speculations．
Numerous studies have shown that vegetarians live longer than non——vegetarians and have a lower risk of a number of chromic diseases．These studies are 1ikely to be based on people from all blood type groups．It certainly seems that a vegetarian diet has benefits for those studied，regardless of their blood type．Similarly，studies like those of Dean Omish appear to demonstrate the beneficial effect of a vegetarian diet and other lifestyle changes on a number of individuals，and not just those of a certain blood type．Eat Right For Your Type should not be used as the basis for dietary change．Statements like“I could never be a vegetarian，I’m type 0”are not based on scientific evidence and may even lead people to avoid making dietary changes which could benefit both their health and the health of our planet．Our advice? Stick with a varied，whole foods--based vegetarian diet regardless of you blood type． Questions：
Who wrote the book，which pushes blood types as determining whether somebody should be vegetarian or not?
1)J．D'Adarno，ND．
Does D’Adamo scientifically succeed to document the effectiveness of his recommendations? No，he doesn't．
According to what D’Adamo says，what benefits can you get if following the correct diet or your blood type?
Your blood type will help you maintain optimal health and weight，avoid many infections and fight back against life—threatening illnesses．
Is there any truth to the claims that vegetarians live longer than non—vegetarians and have a lower risk of a number of chronic diseases? Yes，there is．
What diet does the author favor?
A varied，whole foods-based vegetarian diet．
What is the author’s attitude toward D’Adamo’s advice? Unbelieving Passage 19 My dictionary defines happy as“lucky”or“fortunate”．but I think a better definition of happiness is“the capacity for enjoyment”．The more we can enjoy what we have，the happier we are．It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved，the company of friends，the freedom to live where we please，even good health．
I add up my little moments of pleasure yesterday．First there was complete happiness when l shut the last lunchbox and had the house to myself．Then I spent an uninterrupted moring writing，which I love．When the kids came home，I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day．Later，peace came again，and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—together—ness．Sometimes just the knowledge
17
that he wants me can bring me joy．
You never know where happiness will turn up next．When I asked friends what makes them happy，some mentioned seemingly insignificant moments．“I hate shopping．’’One friend said，“But there’s this clerk who always chats and really cheers me up．” Another friend loves the telephone．“Every time it rings，l know someone is thinking about me.’’ I get an excitement from driving．One day I stopped to let a school bus turn onto the side road．The driver smiled and gave me a thumbs-up sign．We were two allies in a world of mad motorists．It made me smile．
We all experience moments like these．Too few of us register them as happiness． To be happy，we must have enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work．I doubt that my great-grandmother，who raised 14 children and took in washing，had much of either．She did have a network of close friends and family and maybe this is what fulfilled her．If she was happy with what she had，perhaps it was because she didn’t expect life to be very different．
We, on the other hand，with so many choices and such pleasure to succeed in every area，have turned happiness into one more thing we“gotta have”．We are so self—conscious about our“right”to it that it is making us miserable．So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success，without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier．
While happiness may be more complex for us，the solution is the same as ever．Happiness isn’t about what happens to us，it’s about how we perceive what happens to us．It’s the ability to find a positive for every negative and view a setback as a challenge．It’s not wishing for what we don’t have，but enjoying what we do possess． Questions：
1) What is the definition of happiness in the dictionary? 1)My dictionary defines happy as“lucky”or“fortunate”．
2)According to the author，what pleasure do we overlook easily?
It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved，the company of friends，the freedom to live where we please，even good health． 3) How did a driver make the author happy?
One day the author stopped to let a school bus turn onto the side road．The driver smiled an gave her a thumbs-up sign．We were two allies in a world of mad motorists．It made me smile． 4)According to the author，what do we equate happiness with? We equate happiness with wealth and success． 5)To be happy，what ability should you have? We should have the ability of finding a positive for every negative and viewing a setback as a challenge． Passage 20
Fingerprints，one of the great deciders of innocence or guilt in criminal charges，are now in the dock themselves．This is because of a growing number of claims from defendants that their prints have been lifted and planted at scenes of crimes and these allegations are being taken seriously by lawyers，judges and policemen because it is possible to move a fingerprint from one spot and place it elsewhere． With one of the cornerstones of evidence now being placed in doubt a committee of criminal lawyers is carrying out an inquiry into fingerprinting．The investigation has been ordered by justice，the prestigious legal organization，and a report is due early next year．Last night a spokesman for Justice said：“There are an increasing number of cases where people are claiming their prints have been transferred and put in incrimination objects．We are not aiming to establish if these allegations are true or not，but we are questioning current fingerprinting methods as part of a general investigation into scientific evidence．Some of Britain’s top criminal lawyers are worried about this increasing number of claims．”
How can a fingerprint be transferred? A fingermark left on a greasy glass or some other smooth surface can be lifted with a strip of adhesive．It can then be deposited on another，per—haps incriminating，object．Accusations about planted prints were first put up at an old Bailey IRA bomb trial nine years ago without succes．Fingerprints at the scene of a crime used to be dusted down with fine powder，photographed for identification purposes，then the pictures and the objects caring the prints were produced in court．
However，since 1973 a new method of taking prints has been generally used in Britain．Police experts now use a strip of adhesive tape to lift a print，which is then produced in court as evidence．Before 1973 the object on which the prints were found a bottle，dagger or a gun used to be shown in court as well．This is no longer necessary．As a result criminals are claiming that their prints have been’1ifted’and planted elsewhere．There have been two successful claims in the United States，though this 1ine of defence has failed in Britain．
According to the ex chief of Scotland Yard’s fingerprint department，Mr.HaroldSquires，who is now an independent defence witness：“More than 55％of the cases I now get are making these claims．But so far I have not seen any fingerprint evidence that proves the allegation to be true．Petty crooks are always accusing the police of lifting their prints and planting them at the scene of a crime．“According to ex--chief Superintendent Squires，lifting a mark and transferring it to another object requires great skill and trouble．”He added：“it’s almost impossible but it can be done．It can usually be easily detected by someone like me，but there is a chance that even I may not be able to tell．’’
Mr．Squhes sees the new line of defence as an attack on the po1ice by desperate men．He would like the old method of photographing prints and producing them together with the object pictured to be generally used again Questions：
1) Why are fingerprints now in the dock? 1)This is because of a growing number of claims from defendants that their‘prints’have been‘lifted’and planted at scenes of crimes．
2) Why is a committee of criminal lawyers carrying out an inquiry into fingerprinting? 2)Because one of the cornerstones of evidence now is being placed in doubt． 3)When were accusations about’planted prints’first put up?
3)Accusations about‘planted prints’were first put up at an Old Bailey IRA bomb trial nine years ago．
4)According to the passage，is it necessary to show the object on which the prints were found in court now?
4)No，it's not necessary．
5) What are the two methods of taking prints mentioned in the passage?
5)Fingerprints at the scene of a crime used to be dusted down with fine powder，since1 973 a new method of taking prints has been generally used in Britain．Police experts now use a strip of adhesive tape to‘lift’a print． Passage 21
Petroleum，like coal，is found in sedimentary rocks，and was probably formed from long dead living organisms .The rocks in which it is found are almost always of ocean origin and the petroleum forming organisms must have been ocean creatures rather than tress. Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter，petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms such as plankton，the myriads of single—celled creatures that float in the surface layers of the ocean.
The fat of living organisms consists of atom combinations that are chiefly made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms．It does not take much in the way of chemical change to turn that into petroleum．It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage，instead of decomposing and decaying，the fat accumulates，is trapped under further layers of ooze，undergoes minor rearrangements of atoms，and finally is petroleum． Petroleum is lighter than water and，being liquid，tends to ooze upward through the porous rock that covers it．There are regions on Earth where some reaches the surface and the ancients spoke o pitch，bitumen，or asphalt．In ancient and medieval times，such petroleum seepages were more often looked on as medicines rather than as fuels． Of course，the surface seepages are in very minor quantities．Petroleum stores，however，are sometimes overlain with nonporous rock .The petroleum seeping upward reaches that rock and then remains below it in a slowly accumulating pool．If a hole can be drilled through the rock overhead，the petroleum can move up through the hole．Sometimes the pressure on the pool is so great that the petroleum gushes high into the air．The first successful drilling was carried through in 1859 in Titusville，Pennsylvania，by Edwin Drake．
If one found the right spot(and prospectors eventually learned to recognize the kind of geologic formations that made it likely for a pool of trapped petroleum to exist underground)then it was easy to bring up the liquid material．It was much easier to do that than to send men underground to chip out chunks of solid coal．Once the petroleum was obtained，it could be moved overland through pipes，rather than in freight trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded，as was the case with coal．
Questions：
Petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of rather than the product of the accumulating woody matter. 1)ocean organisms
The fat of living organisms consists of atom combinations that are chiefly made up of atoms． 2)carbon and hydrogen
Describe simply the petroleum’S formation process．
3)It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage，instead of decomposing and decaying，the fat accumulates，is trapped under further layers of ooze，undergoes minor rearrangements of atoms，and finally is petroleum．
Sometimes when the pressure on the pool is very great，what happens?
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4)The petroleum gushes high into the air．
One way to gather clues is to look at surface data like rock properties，surface structure and oil What does“the case”refer to in the last paragraph?
and natural gas seeps．In the old days，this was done by walking the land．This did pro—duce valuable 5)Coal is moved in freight trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded． information，but it was very time consuming and there are some places that are just too remote to Passage 22
explore!
The rich world’s argument about the environment follows a pattern．Environmentalists say pollution Today we gather much more data by using airplanes and satellites to map the surface and to look for is terrible and getting worse．Businessmen retort that a real clean——up would cost too much．The oil and natural gas seeps．Ships can do the same for the ocean floor． ordinary citizen believes both：the environment is indeed going down the drain，but so might his job Collecting Sub——surface Clues
if anyone tries to stop that．All of them，it turns Out，are wrong．
We get much more useful information by looking at geological structures and rock properties below Recent statistics show that，in rich countries at least，many of the worst pollution problems are the surface．Advanced exploration technology even helps us locate remaining re—serves at existing far smaller than they used to be，and that the costs of this success have so far been small。 sites that were thought to be depleted．We typically use three ways to look below the surface：gravity Start with air pollution．The dreaded greenhouse gase are still flowing into the atmosphere．But output and geomagnetic surveys，seismic surveys and data from wells． of gases that attack the ozone layer is well under control．Production ofCFCs(含氯氟烃)used in Questions：
refrigerators has fallen by two thirds since the mid一1980s．many pollutants have been beaten back．The 1) How much petroleum does each person in the United States use every day on average? flow of oxides of sulfur，which contribute to evils such as acid rain and smog，has fallen by around 1)About three gallons．
a third in rich countries since 1980．Emissions of lead，soot and carbon monoxide，each hazardous 2)——are the rocks with pores large enough to permit fluids，like oil and gas，and water to pass to human health，have also fallen sharply．
through．
Water quality has improved in many ways．There is still worry about chemicals．such as fertilizers 2)Reservoir rocks．
and heavy metals，draining of the land．But many of the organisms that once infested(寄生于)rich world 3)What is the petroleum geologists’goal?
waterways，and which still kill millions in poor countries，are retreating steadily．Progress is largely 3)Finding trapped accumulations is the petroleum geologists’ goal．
due to the spread of waste—water treatment.
4)What are the two ways to gather clues that indicate what lies deep beneath the earth’s surface? Has this cost jobs? There is no evidence for that．Spending on pollution control amounts to 1％ 2％4)One way to gather clues is to look at surface data like rock properties，surface structure and oil of GDP(国内生产总值)in most rich countries，but that has not cut ions overall．True，certain industries and natural gas seeps．The other way is to look at geological structures and rock properties below such as mining have lost jobs，and some companies have moved to less strict third world countries .But the surface．
greenery，like any new market，has also created jobs：the market world—wide was worth some$200 billion 5) What are the three ways we typically use to look below the surface?
in 1990．
5)We typically use three ways to look below the surface：gravity and geomagnetic surveys，seismic Much of this progress was due to market forces，not regulation．It took rules to keep lead out of surveys and data from wells． petrol and smog away from London．But much of the fail in oxides of sulfur，for example，springs from Passage 24
the decline of coal burning industries．Except for waste water treatment．most improvements have come Sleep is something we generally associate with living persons or animals．Of course，it is true that fairly cheap．Either inexpensive alternatives already existed or cheap gadgets(机械装置)could be added a lot of animals sleep，but zoologists are not certain that primitive forms of animal life，like worms to existing machinery．
ever really sleep．On the other hand，animals such as bears sleep for 4 or 5months every year． Some regulation has gained support because it protects vested interests(既得利益者)．The rich The amount of sleep human beings need varies with people of different ages，habits and possibly races．For countries’ban on CFCs，for example，is backed by big chemicals firms that are eager to create a market example，doctors think that pre—school children need between 10 and 12hours a night；school children for their substitutes． between 9 and 11 hours；and adults between 7 and 9 hours．There are rare cases of old people who only Questions：
sleep between 2 and 3 hours a day and continue to be active and healthy．The sleep requirements of What in the air is responsible for acid rain? different races also appear to be different．Japanese people，for example，sleep fewer hours than 1)Oxides of sulfur．
Europeans．
What in the waterways are still causing death to millions in poor countries? It is not known for certain if the activity of a man’s mind(besides dreaming)occurs when he is Many of the organisms that once infested in waterways．
asleep．However，it is certainly true that some people can wake up at a predetermined time．There How much money is spent on pollution control in rich countries? are also stories a bout some maths professors who solve difficult problems during sleep，because their 1％-2％ of GDP．
subconscious minds continue working on the problem． What played the chief role in bringing down pollution levels? Questions：
It has also created jobs． What is the passage mainly about?
Market forces． Sleep and the activity of a man's mind during his sleep． Passage 23
According to zoologists，primitive forms of animal 1ife ． On average each person in the United States uses about three gallons of petroleum everyday．
might not sleep
Almost everyone knows how we depend on oil and natural gas for transportation and to heat our homes．In What does the writer try to show in the second paragraph?
fact，oil and natural gas are used to meet almost two thirds of our energy needs! The amount of sleep human beings need varies with different people. Where to Find 0iJ and Natural Gas
What is true about Europeans when talking about sleep? As you learned earlier，oil and natural gas formed when decaying plants and bacteria are trapped in They sleep more than the Japanses．
layers of sediment and become buried deep within the earth．Heat and pressure turn them into useful When a man is asleep，What is subconscious mind probably doing? hydrocarbons．These 1ayers are called source rocks．
It may still be working． The hydrocarbons tend to migrate away from the source rocks into reservoir rocks．These core rocks Passage 25
with pores large enough to permit fluids，like oil and gas，and water to pass through them．Because Coronary artery disease is a disorder in which the coronary arteries become narrowed．One or all of oil and natural gas are less dense than water in the surrounding pores，they will rise upward toward the arteries may be affected．Because the vessels are narrowed，blood supply to the heart muscle is the surface．If nothing stops their migration，the oil and natural gas may reach the surface and escape reduced．Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of narrowed coronary arteries．In arteriosclerosis，through a surface seep．
fatty material collects on the arterial wails．This causes the arteries to narrow and obstruct blood However，if the oil and natural gas encounter a layer of impermeable rock that has the right shape flow．Blood flow through an artery may be completely blocked．Permanent heart damage Occurs in the and pores are too small,it becomes trapped．Finding these trapped accumulations is the petroleum part of the heart receiving its blood supply from that artery． geologists’goal．
Risk factors for the development of CAD had been identified．These include obesity，cigarette smoking，Since there isn’t any way to be absolutely sure where new oil and natural gas reserves are，we have lack of exercise，a diet high in fat and cholesterol，and hypertension．Age and sex are two other to collect clues that indicate what 1ies deep beneath the earth’s surface．We look at two types of risk factors．CAD is more 1ikely to occur in older individuals an in men．The type A personality is clues surface and subsurface． also a risk factor. The person with a type A Personality is aggressive, competitive, and works hard. Collecting Surface Clues The person has difficulty in relaxing, has a sense of urgency, and does thing at a rapid pace.
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There are two major complications lf coronary artery disease. They are angina pectorals and myocardial infarction. Questions:
What is the most common cause of narrowed coronary arteries?
1)Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of narrowed coronary arteries． What does the underlined word“this”refer to?
2)It refers to fatty material collects on the arterial walls． What are the risk factors for he development of CAD?
3)These include obesity，cigarette smoking，lack of exercise，a diet high in fat and cholesterol，and hypertension．Age and sex are two other risk factors．The type A personality is also a risk factor. Is CAD more likely to occur in men or women according to the passage? 4)It is more 1ikely to occur in women．
What are the two major complications of coronary artery disease? 5)They are angina pectorals and myocardial infarction．
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