the same force and conviction．
3．假如任何国家处在我国所处的地位的话，他们也会跟我们一样坚定不移地持同样的态度。 4．The nation was on its knees and，were nothing done．would soon be prostrate． 4．国家处境不妙，如果不想一点办法，就会完蛋。 5．Without her advice，1 would have failed． 5．假如没有她的劝告，我想必已失败了。
6．I suppose poor Mary is all broken up．I would be in her case． 6．我想可怜的玛丽已伤心透了。如果我处在她的地位，我也会是这样的。
7．If computers were not used，our research work would be difficult． 7．假使没有用计算机，我们的研究工作就困难了。
8．How could he have operated the machine-tool if he hadn’t 1earned the technique some weeks ago? 8．要是他在几个星期前没有学习技术，他怎么能操作这台机床呢? 9．She wished she had stayed at home． 9．她但愿那时留在家中就好了。
10．I suppose when I was a young man I should have done the same fool thing． 10．我想，如果我是一个年轻人，我大概也会干出这样的蠢事来。 五、将下列长句译成汉语
1．Laser，its creation being thought to be one of today’s wonders，is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights only in that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in．
1．激光的发明被认为是当代的奇迹之一，其实激光也只不过是一种光线，与普通光线不同之处仅在于它的强度要大很多倍，因而能够用于任何普通光线或其他物质从未能进入的领域。
2．A good way of learning to make the sound of a new language is to use recordings which have pauses after each sentence giving you time to say what you have learnt before the next sentence comes． 2．学习一种新的语言的发音有一种好办法，那就是利用录音，它可以在每句话后多留些间隙，以便你有时间在下一句还没出现之前练习你刚刚学过的东西。
3．Automatic control which is known as automation is not limited to such operations as have some connection with the controlling or adjustment of individual machines or instruments the system setup with automatic controls being，in a wider sense，a long producing line which enables materials to be fed from one end and the products to be turned out at the other with the whole process being controlled automatically．
3．自动控制，通常称为自动化。不仅限于那些与控制或调整个别机器或仪器有关的操作。从更广泛的意义上说，这种自动控制建立的系统，是一个很长的生产线，从一端投人原料，到另一端制成产品，整个过程都是自动控制的。 4．Those who have scrupulously studied the national statistics have concluded that there is nothing in them that would support the general belief that there has been some lessening of economic inequality in the United States in recent decades．
4．认真研究过国家统计数字的人们得出结论：统计数字中没有任何资料可以证实这个普遍的看法，即近几十年来美国的经济不平等现象有所减轻。
5．China has always been a disciplined and cultured nation，and if it seemed to old China hands that it was not，it is likely that it was the disturbing influence of western materialism and a morality that corrupted：the personality of the Chinese who were in contact with it，and who thus became．in essence ,its victims．
5．中国一直是一个守纪律有文化的国家。如果对某些中国通来说，中国看来并不是那样，那很可能是由于西方的那种追求物质享受不讲道德是非的风气破坏性的影响，腐蚀了那些与这种影响接触的中国人的品格，在实质上这些人是这些影响的受害者。
6．Galileo was the first to explain by this method that any falling object，whether it weighs little or much，gains speed at the same rate while it falls，and any ball thrown，whatever its size and speed，has the same pull from the earth bringing it down．
6．伽利略首先用这种方法解释下述现象：即任何下落的物体，不管它是轻还是重，当它下降的时候，都以同样的加速度落下，人们抛出的任何球体，不管它体积的大小和运动速度如何，都受到同样的地球引力使它下坠。
7．Owing to the fact that electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by means of power lines and transformers，large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large cities，as is often the case with hydroelectric generating stations that are inseparable from water sources．
7．由于借助于动力线和变压器，电可以从发电厂送往用电的地方，因此，大型发电厂可以建立在远离大工业中心和大城市的遥远的地方，不能离开水源的水力发电厂通常就是这样。
8．There are several reasons why he no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be，an illusion which he ailed to discourage because，as he would admit himself，he has a tendency toward megalomania．
8．国际新闻界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为他自己也承认有一种白大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人了，这里面有几个原因。 9．While the higher IMF(International Monetary Fund)estimates may be better yard—sticks of economic progress，they have also aroused Third World concern that some hard-pressed developing nations may suddenly be seen as too well——off to receive needed World Bank loans．
9．国际货币基金组织的估计可能是经济增长较好的衡量标准，但也引起了第三世界的担心，一些财政拮据的发展中国家也许会突然被认为很富裕，以致不能获取所需要的世界银行贷款。
10．There is just the same kind of difference between the mental operation of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and the method of a baker or a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in performing a
difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights． 10．科学家与普通人的思维活动的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫的操作与化学家的操作的区别：前者用普通的秤来称货物，后者则用天平和分得很细的砝码来进行艰难而复杂的分析。 段落翻译
On behalf of all of your American guests I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world．I particularly want to pay tribute，not only to those who prepared the magnificent dinner，but also to those who have provided the splendid music．Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land．
我谨代表你们的所有美 国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待。中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。我不仅要特别赞扬那些准备了这次盛大晚宴的人，而且还要赞扬那些给我们演奏这样煲好音乐的人。我在外国从来没有听到过演奏的这么好的美国音乐。
We do not know exactly how，but in some miraculous way，the right kind of molecules happened to combined in the ocean or in clay to form a minute organism．A11 life has probably evolved from that single cell，which may have been something like the bacteria of today．This one—celled organism ate，grew，responded to its surroundings，reproduced itself，and spread throughout the oceans．Probably those first tiny organism were not all alike．Some were better able to obtain food or adapt to colder waters．The stronger cells survived and their characteristics were passed on to the next generation． 尽管我们对生命的起源了解得不够确切，但它的确是以某种奇妙的方式开始的，即某种适宜的分子偶然在海洋或泥土中结合形成微生物。也许所有的生命都是由原始的单细胞进化而来，可能就像现在的细菌。这种单细胞生物摄食、生长并适应了其存在的环境，自身繁衍直至扩展到整个海洋中。那些最初的微生物也许并非都是相同的。有些获取食物、适应温度较低的水的能力更强。这样更健壮的细胞生存下来，并将其特点传给下一代。 练习四 (一)
Why is it that when you study a foreign language，you never learn the little phrases that let you slip into a culture without a11 your foreignness exposed? Every Chinese_language text book starts out with the standard phrase for greeting people；but as an American，I constantly found myself tongue—tied when it came to seeing guests off at the door．An abrupt goodbye would not do, yet that was a11 I had ever 1earned from these books．So I would smile and nod，bowing like a Japanese and trying to find words that would smooth over the visitors’leaving and make them feel they would be welcome to come again．In my fluster，I often hid behind my Chinese husband’s graciousness． Then finally，listening to others，I began to pick up the phrases that eased relations and sent people off with a feeling of mission not only accomplished but surpassed． (一)
在外语学习中，有一些简单的词组，一旦掌握，就能让你不知不觉地进入另一种文化，而丝毫不暴露你作为一个外国人的痕迹，但你为什么总是学不会呢?每本汉语课本都是从问候语开始的。但是，作为美国人，每当要我送客出门时，我总是舌头打结。唐突地说声再见是不行的，然而，那是我从这些课本里所学到的一切了。因此我只能微笑、点头，像个日本人似地鞠躬，并拼命地想找些话来说，以缓和离别的气氛，使他们觉得我确实欢迎他们下次再来。因此，我常常靠我的中国丈夫的彬彬有礼来掩盖自己的慌乱。
后来，听得多了，我开始学会了说一些话，使送客的气氛轻松了许多，感到我不仅完成了任务，而且完成得很出色。 (二)
Another factor emphasizing the market importance of the youth is that this is the time when brand loyalties may be formed that could last well into adulthood．For example，a brand—loyalty study done by Seventeen magazine found that at least 30 percent of adult women were using the same brands they first chose as teenagers．Translated into total market figures，the findings would mean，for instance，that 6，760，000 women still are using the same brand of cosmetics and 8，900，000 still are eating the same kind of packaged cheese that they first bought．
During the process of making their buying decision，to what extent are teens influenced by parents，friends，sales clerks，media，or other sources? For many product decisions，friends are the most significant influence．Nevertheless，parents are still an important factor affecting many buying decisions．The important point is that although peer pressure is quite strong，family influences are also significant．Thus，the marketer should know which group，parents or peers，has the most influence at any given time so they can plan their marketing strategies properly． (二)
强调青少年在市场方面的重要作用的另一因素是，青少年时期是养成对商品牌子信赖的时候，而这种信赖感
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会一直延续到成年。比如，《十七岁》杂志做了一个有关商品牌子信赖的研究，发现至少有百分之三十的成年妇女还在用她们少女时代所选择的牌子。若完全用市场数字表示，研究结果表明6,760,000位妇女还在用同样牌子的化妆品，8,900000位妇女还在吃她们少女时代买的同样牌子的盒装奶酪。
在青少年进行购物决策的过程中，他们受父母、朋友、售货员、新闻媒介和别的因素的影响究竟有多大呢?对于许多购物的决定，朋友的影响最大。然而，父母也是影响许多购物决定的重要因素。特别需要指出的是：尽管同龄人的影响很强，家庭的影响也很重要。因此，营销人应该知道在某个时间，究竟哪一群人最具有影响力，是父母亲还是同龄人?这样他们就能恰当地筹划自己的营销策略。 (三)
There are dozens of mind—body techniques for you to choose from．The key is to find one you’re comfortable with and then do it regularly．Simply writing about negative，unpleasant e—vents may actually boost your immunity according to researchers．Scientists are not completely sure why it works，but they know that when individuals write，it helps them organize e—vents，which in turn gives them more understanding of the situation．When you can give a stressful experience meaning through writing，you don’t think about it or worry about it as much．And when you reduce stress，you boost immune functioning．How much you write or how long you write depends upon how much stress you feel about the event．One doctor suggests that people write until they are tired of writing and then read over what they have writ—ten．This helps make more sense of it．Also，just talking about a stressful experience with a friend can have the same positive effect． (三)
你可以选择的身心疗法有几十种，关键是要找一种能使你感到舒服的疗法，并坚持下去。在研究人员看来，仅仅把那些消极的、令人不快的事写下来实际上就可以增强你的免疫力。科学家对于其中的原因还不大清楚，但是他们知道人们写的过程帮助他们将事件理一理，这会使他们更好地了解他们的处境。把这些紧张的经历写一写若能使你弄懂这是怎么一回事，你就不会太多地去想或担忧了。而当你不那么紧张了，你的免疫功能也就增强了。至于写多少、写多长，这要取决于那件事给你带来的紧张有多大。有一位医生建议人们一直写到厌倦了的时候才停下，然后读一读他们所写下的东西，这会使你对所写的东西理解更深。与朋友谈论自己经受的压力同样能起到积极的作用。 (四)
Because of either economic necessity or strong determination for personal fulfillment，or both，the phenomenon of latchkey children is widespread in our society．Whatever the reason，it is a compelling situation with which families must cope．The question to ask is not whether or not mothers should work full—time．Given the reality of the situation，the question to ask is：how can an optimum plan be worked out to deal effectively with the situation．
1t is advisable for all members of the family to express their feelings and concerns about the inevitable change candidly,．These remarks should be discussed fully．Many factors must betaken into consideration：the children’s personality and maturity，the amount of time the children will be alone，the safety of the neighborhood，accessibility of help in case of an emergency．Of supreme importance is the quality of the relationship between，parents and children．It is most important that the children be secure in the knowledge that they are loved．Feeling loved provides invaluable emotional strength to cope successfully with almost any difficulty that arises in life． (四)
由于经济上的原因或是一种要实现自我价值的坚强的决心，或是因为两者兼而有之，挂钥匙的孩子这一现象在我们的社会中已变得越来越普遍。然而无论出于什么样的原因，这已经成为一个紧迫的问题，所有的家庭都不得不采取对策。要提出的问题已不是做母亲的应不应该从事全日制工作。鉴于这种现象的现实状况，要提出的实际上是这样一个问题：如何才能制定一个最佳计划来有效地应付这样一种局面?
明智的做法是：家庭的所有成员把对这种不可避免的变化的感受与担心坦率地说出来，并予以充分的讨论。要把许多因素都考虑到：孩子的个性与成熟程度，孩子独自在家的时间的长短，邻近地区是否安全，以及出现紧急情况时是否能得到帮助。首要的是家长与孩子的关系的融洽度。要使孩子有一种安全感，因为他们感到受到关爱，这是非常重要的。孩子们感到有人爱他们，这会赋予他们一种不可估量的情感力量，从而帮助他们成功地应付生活中面对的种种困难。 (五)
However，aggression in itself is not necessarily a bad thing．Some psychologists believe that aggression is a basic human instinct that must be satisfied．If constructive means are not available to satisfy this instinct，man will turn to destructive means．The impulse to assert himself has enabled him to survive in a dangerous world，but，ironically，he is now likely to destroy his own species unless alternative，non—violent ways of expressing aggression can be found．In fact，it is growing more and more difficult for people to assert themselves as individuals，as towns，nations and organizations become steadily bigger，with authority increasingly centralized and remote．A man who may once have been a self-employed craftsman，master of his own trade，might now have a boring job in a factory．A small firm that once worked as a team to produce high——quality goods is likely to be absorbed into a vast organization where their work is mechanical and there is no possibility for personal expression．Unable in these conditions to channel their aggression into creative work，people will probably express it through resentment and anger．At the international level an accumulation of hostile emotions finally finds expression in large scale impersonal warfare．A man who would hesitate to hit another person in front of his eyes may kill thousands of people by dropping a bomb from a plane; to him they are too remote to be human beings，but are merely figures on a chart of his routine job. (五)
然而，好斗本身并不一定是件坏事情。一些心理学家认为好斗是一种必须得到满足的基本的人类本能。如果没有建设性的方法来满足这一本能，人类就会采用破坏性的方法。正是一种想要显示自己的权威的冲动使人能够在这充满危险的世界上生存下来。然而具有讽刺意义的是，除非人类能找到别的非暴力的发泄好斗本性的方法，否则就可能毁灭自己。实际上，人作为个体想要坚持自己的权力已经越来越困难了，因为城镇、国家和组织逐渐扩大，而权力变得越发集中，越发遥远。有的人也许是一名个体手工业者，而且还是一名能工巧匠，而现在他却可能在工厂里干着单调乏味的工作。一家曾经精诚合作生产出高质量产品的小公司现在可能被并人了一家大机构，员工的工作很机械，没有机会自我表现了。由于在这样的条件下人们无法将他们的好斗性引导到创造性的工作上面来，就很可能表现出怨恨和愤怒的情绪。在国际上，敌对情绪的聚集最终会以大规模的没有人性的战争形式爆发出来。一个不大愿意对他面前的人拔拳相向的人也许会从飞机上投下一枚炸弹并导致成千上万的人死亡；对于他来说，那些人太遥远，已不算是人了，只不过是他日常工作报表上的数字而已。 (六)
Advertisers generally serve two functions for their clients：They create ads for products or causes，and they give their clients advice on what will sell．The advertisers research the demographics(sex，age，marital status，race，religion，region，income，labor force participation)of their target consumers，and then design ads that appeal to that group．Advertising acts as a social mirror．The advertisements we see are generally only weeks or months old，showing completely contemporary people doing completely contemporary things．This is part of the power of advertising．We see ourselves as we are now．However，advertising is a distorted mirror，reflecting back at us only those values and attitudes that the advertiser wants us to hold．
Most ads use pictures because mental images are the predominant mode of thinking in daydreams and fantasies．Text by itself gets people to think，but pictures easily bypass thinking and get people to feel and do,i．e．，to imagine themselves as the central players walking through the scene． (六)
总的来说，广告商们为他们的客户提供两种服务。他们给商品或事业做广告，给客户提供建议让他们知道什么东西销量好。广告商们对消费对象进行统计研究(如性别、年龄、婚姻状况、种族、宗教信仰、居住地区、收入、职业等)，然后设计能吸引这组人的广告。广告是社会的一面镜子。我们看到的广告往往只使用几星期或几个月，而广告上都是新人新事。这也是广告的影响力之一。我们在广告中看到了自己的影子。但是，广告是一面扭曲了的镜子，它只反映了广告商们希望我们看到的价值观念和生活态度。
很多广告使用广告形象，因为在梦幻想象中，脑中浮现图片是最主要的思维方式。文字自然可以引发思考，然而图像会轻易地使人不用思考而直接去感受，去行动，也就是说，图像会使人们把自己想象成场景中的主角。 (七)
Diet is a11 the food and drink that a person normally consumes on a regular，daily basis．Food is needed to build and maintain body tissues，to provide a source of energy for all body functions，and to provide the chemicals necessary for regulating the processes of the body．A person’s dietary needs vary according to age，weight，physical condition，body metabolism，amount of activity，and the climate．The energy content of food，as well as the amount of energy expended by the body，are measured in units called calories．If a person consumes more calories than he uses，he will gain weight．If he consumes fewer calories than he uses，he will lose weight．Since a balanced diet provides all the necessary nutrients in the proper amounts，a person following such a diet should neither gain nor lose weight．A balanced diet must include proteins，carbohydrates，fats，minerals，vitamin，and water． Food is usually divided into four groups．The milk group includes dairy products such as eggs，cheese，milk，butter，and ice cream．The meat group includes meat，fish，and seafood．The vegetable--fruit group includes vegetables，fruits，and nuts．This group also supplies the major part of rough age which gives bulk to material moving through the alimentary canal．The bread-cereal group includes breads，cereal and grain products，cakes and biscuits．A balanced diet usually contains foods from each of these groups，It is possible，however，to have balanced diet even though one of these groups may be absent．For example，vegetarians who eat planned meals are able to consume all the necessary nutrients without having to consume meat． (七)
饮食是一个人每天通常所吃的食物和所喝的饮料的总和。我们需要食物来建立和维持人体的组织，提供人体的所有功能所需的能量，并提供调节人体中各种变化作用过程所需的化学元素。一个人的饮食需要随着每个人年龄、体重、身体状况、人体的新陈代谢、运动量和所处的气候条件的不同而不同。食物所含的能量和人体消耗的能量一样，是以卡路里为单位计量的。如果一个人吸收的卡路里数量大于他所消耗的卡路里数量，他的体重就会增加。如果他吸收的卡路里数量小于他所消耗的卡路里数量，他的体重就会下降。由于均衡的饮食适量地提供了人体所需的所有营养，所以一个人如果饮食均衡的话，就既不会增重也不会减重。均衡的饮食必须包括：蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、矿物质、维生素和水分。
食物通常被分为四大类。乳类食品包括各种奶制品，如鸡蛋、奶酪、牛奶、黄油、冰淇淋等等。肉类食品包括肉、鱼和海味。蔬菜水果类食物包括各种蔬菜，水果和坚果。这类食物也提供构成通过食物道的物质的体积的粗糙食物的大部分。面粉小麦类食物包括面包、各种谷类产品、蛋糕和饼干。均衡的饮食通常包括以上各类
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食物。但是，即使缺了其中哪一类食物，也有可能是均衡的饮食。例如，素食主义者就不吃肉，但他们按饮食计划来饮食一样能得到所有必需的营养。 (八)
Allergy is an unusual sensitivity to a kind of matter that is normally harmless．A person who has an allergy to a certain kind of matter will develop signs of illness when he comes in contact with it．When the matter is removed，the signs disappear．People may have allergies to food，drugs and other chemicals，dusts and pollen，fabrics and furs，bacteria，light rays，temperature changes，air pressure，and many other things．Emotional strains，or unconscious fears，or extreme dislikes，may produce signs of sickness．Examples of allergic diseases are hay fever，asthma，eczema and other skin ailments，and a number of stomach or digestive disorders．It has been found that about 10％of all people in the United States have at least one allergy．
No one knows exactly what causes allergies，and it is only recently that people came aware that they existed．It is very difficult to determine exactly what kind of matter(called the allergen)is causing the unpleasant reaction．The tests are usually made by a dermatologist，or skin specialist．He puts a number of patches on the patient’s skin，each patch containing a small amount of some kind of matter known to be an allergen．When the patches are removed，the skin beneath will be hurt if the patient is allergic to the substance in the patch．But there are so many possible allergens that the tests may take a long time．
Various drugs have been developed to help people who suffer from allergies． (八)
过敏性是对通常情况无害物质的不同导常的敏感。一个人如果对某种特定的物质过敏的话，当他和这物质接触的时候，就会出现生病的迹象。而除去这些物质时，这些迹象就会消失。人们可能会对食物，药物或其它化学物质、灰尘、花粉、纤维、毛皮、细菌、某些光的射线、温度变化、气压还有许多别的东西过敏。感情过度紧张，或无意识的恐慌，或极度的憎恶，也可能产生疾病的症状。过敏的症状有枯草热、哮喘、湿疹和其他皮肤病，有许多肠胃或消化的紊乱。已经发现美国人中大约有百分之十至少对一种东晒过敏。
没有人确切地知道过敏是由什么引起的，而且也只是近年来人们才意识到过敏的存在。确切地断定到底哪种物质(叫做过敏原)引起不适的反应往往是非常困难的。这方面的试验通常是由皮肤科医生或皮肤病专家来做的。试验人将许多小贴块贴在患者的皮肤上，每一块小贴块含有少量已知是过敏原的物质。如果患者对某片小贴块上的物质过敏，当把小贴块拿掉后，贴块下的皮肤就会有损伤。可是由于有许许多多的可能的过敏，试验会花很长的时间。
现在有了各种各样的药物来帮助有过敏性的人减轻痛苦。 (九)
The nursing process is a logical systematic series of actions．Its purpose is to enable nurses to provide quality，patient care．Lydia Hall first formed the concept of nursing as a process in the 1950s．Thereafter，many nurse scholars began to describe nursing activities in the concept of a nursing process．Yura and Walsh defined the nursing process in phases：assessing，planning，implementing，and evaluating．Since then，each nursing process component has been extensively discussed and developed，and assessing has been divided into assessment and diagnosis．
Nursing diagnosis is a more recent addition to the nursing process．Before the early 1970s，when nurses began to classify nursing diagnosis，diagnosis was simply understood to be part of assessment．The judgment phase of assessment does imply diagnosis in that data analysis enables the nurse to identify a problem．During assessment，however，the nature of the problem is not precisely described．Nursing diagnosis specifically refers to a definitive problem statement expressed in standard terms． Nursing diagnosis labels each representing a health problem，provide the current information for the development of health assessment in nursing．As nurses analyze health problems addressed by nursing diagnosis，it will be natural to ask what facts of client characteristics must be detected and analyzed to cause the nurse to select a particular nursing diagnosis．The skills required for physical diagnosis of pathological problems probably will not be sufficient for nursing diagnosis． (九)
护理过程是一系列有条理的逻辑活动。目的是使护士们能提供高质量的、单个的病人护理。里底亚·霍尔在二十世纪50年代首次将护理概念作为一个过程提出来。此后，许多护理学者开始用护理过程这一概念来描述护理活动。Yura和Walsh用以下几个方面来定义护理过程：确定、计划、实行及评估。从那以后，每个护理过程的组成部分都得到了深入讨论和发展。确定部分已被细分为估计和诊断两部分。
护理诊断是在近代才加到护理过程里的。七十年代初以前，当护士们开始将护理诊断划分出来时，诊断只被简单地理解为估计的一部分。判断估计的方面实际上隐含了诊断，因为其中数据分析使护土们能确认问题。而在估计阶段，问题的性质是没有准确描述的。具体说来，护理诊断指用标准术语明确地描述一个问题。
护理诊断标签，每一条代表一个健康问题，提供身体状况的最新信息。当护士们通过护理诊断分析健康问题时，很自然会问发现和分析出了哪些事实和病人特征，使得护士不得不选择一种特别的护理诊断，病理问题的身体诊断所用的技能对于护理诊断来说远远不够。
护理诊断不确诊基本疾病。相反地，只指出病人经历的与健康有关的主要问题。这问题要么是实际的，要么是潜在的。正如医生的治疗方案主要来源于医学诊断一样，护士的活动主要基于护理诊断。 (十)
The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives，is bound to create a number of waste products which upset the environmental balance，or the ecological balance as it is also known．Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly，but clearly while more and more new and complex goods are produced there will be new，dangerous wastes to be disposed of，for example，the waste products from nuclear power stations．Many people，therefore，see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem，that is，the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods．Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture，where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever—increasing populations．However，the land itself is gradually becoming worn out as it is being used，in some cases，too heavily，and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance． Whatever its underlying reasons，there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies，individuals and governments would make more efforts．In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste．Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of，drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused．This not only causes a litter problem，but also is a great waste of resources，in terms of glass，metals and paper．Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need，but also to throw away much of what we do buy．Pollution and waste combine to be a problem every one can help to solve by cutting Out unnecessary buying，excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives． (十)
整个工业生产程序为了给我们生产日常生活所需的物资或机器，不可避免会产生许多废弃产品，这样就会打破环境平衡，或者是众所周知的生态平衡。很多这样的废物都可以被防止产生或者处理掉。但是随着越来越新的复杂产品的产生，也会有新的有危害性的废物要处理掉。比如，核电站产生的废物。很多人也因此把污染看作是一个更大更复杂的问题，即整个工业生产和产品消费过程的一部分。还有的人认为这个问题主要同农业有关。农民们使用新的方法在土地上种植更多农作物，从而养育着不断增加的人类。但是土地本身因为长期过度使用而变得贫瘠，在某些情况下，大量的人造化肥也不能修复土地的平衡。
无论什么潜在理由，毫无疑问，只有公司、个人和政府都做出努力，污染才能被控制。在家庭中我们明显需要控制产生废弃物。食品的里外三层或四层包装需要处理掉，饮料越来越多都成了瓶装或罐装，这些包装都不能再用。这不仅产生了垃圾，而且还是对资源的一种浪费，如玻璃，金属，纸。广告不仅通过说服我们去买那些我们原本不需要也不想要的商品，而且还使得我们扔掉我们买的一大半东西加速这一进程。我们每个人只要能缩减不必要的购买，减少过度的消费，停止毫不在乎地处理日常生活中的废弃品，我们也就能为解决污染和浪费问题出一份力。 (十一)
Tim links between mental health problems and old age are more closely related with the social and emotional conditions in which older people live．Older people who have been cut off from the mainstream of social life，having no social role，few friends，few regular visitors and little interest in the world about them，are particularly likely to be hurt．Structural ageism tends to diminish life opportunities，with the danger that older people are deprived of the mental stimulation necessary for keeping a healthy brain．If older people do not keep to have stimulating intellectual interests，and maintain important social relationships，it makes them more susceptible to depression，which can lead to a crisis of identity，role and status，and to a deterioration in both physical and mental health．Ultimately，these factors may lead to the biochemical changes in the brain associated with insanity．
The maintenance of purpose and reason for living is a major objective in dealing with depression．Continuing intellectual demands should be made on older people．It is this that distinguishes people who remain mentally alert throughout old age．While the aging process will bring decline，the speed of that decline is，in many ways，under personal control．The key to successful aging rests with the mental exercise provided by a rich and varied social environment．This has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments on rats，who were removed from solitary，uninteresting cages and placed in more challenging environments．Even older rats were able to form new brain connections，suggesting that brain cells can wither when life becomes dull and uninteresting But that，regardless of age，they can grow and develop within a stimulating environment．It was once thought that humans could not reproduce new nerve cells，but even this is now being challenged．
精神健康问题同老龄的链接与老年人所生活的社会与情感条件有密切关系。老年人从社会生活的主流中退了出来，没有社会角色，几乎没有朋友，没有比较固定的游客，社会中也几乎没有什么对他们有乐趣的东西，因此他们很容易受到伤害。年龄歧视吞噬了他们的生活机会，也使得老年人由于失去了为保持大脑健康所需要的精神上的刺激而陷人更危险的境地。如果老年人没有保持令人振奋的知识性的兴趣，维持重要的社会联系，他们就更容易郁闷，继之而来的是身份、角色和地位的危机，他们的身体和精神健康也每况愈下。这些因素会导致脑的生化变化，并伴随有精神失常。
保有生活的目的和原因是消除郁闷的一个主要目标。对老年人仍应该有知识上的要求。这才能使人们在老龄时仍能保持精神上的警觉。老化过程带来了退化，退化的速度在很多方面都是人为控制的。健康的老年关键在于一个富于多样化的社会环境提供的精神上的练习。这已经被实验室里对老鼠所做的实验证明。老鼠从一个封闭的单调的笼子里放进一个更有挑战性的环境。就连老龄老鼠也能产生新的脑部联系，这就表明在单调乏味的生活中脑细胞会萎缩。但不论多大年纪，在一个令人振奋的环境中，脑细胞会再生，发展。曾经一度有这种观点：人类不能产生新的神经细胞，但是这种观点如今也面临挑战。
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(十二)
To the ordinary man，one kind of oil may be as important as another．But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil，he almost always means mineral oil，the oil that drives tanks，aeroplanes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives；the oil that is used to lubricate a1l kinds of machinery．This is the oil that has change the life of the common man。When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine．To it we owe the existence of the motor car，which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse．To it we owe the possibility of flying．It has changed the methods of carfare on land and sea．This kind of oil．comes out of the earth．Because it burns well，it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect．Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal．Because it burns brightly，it is used for illumination；countless homes are still illuminated with oil-burning lamps．Because it is very slippery，it is used for lubrication．Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat；but if they are separated by a thin film of oil，the friction and heat are reduced．No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated．The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness，if it is too thin it will not give sufficient1ubrication．and if it is too thick it will not reach a11 parts that must be 1ubricated．
对于普通人来说，这种油和那种油可能是同样重要的。但是当政治家或工程师们一提到油，几乎总是指矿物油。这种油可用来驱动坦克、飞机、军舰、汽车和柴油机车；还可用来润滑各种机器。正是这种矿物油改变了一般人的生活。如果把它炼制成汽油，就可用于驱动内燃机。幸亏有了汽油，才有了取代私人马车的汽车；幸亏有了汽油，我们才有了飞行的可能。它还改变了陆战和海战的方式。这种油源于地下。由于石油易于燃烧，它被用来作为燃料，而且在某些方面，它比煤炭更优越。目前很多大型船只烧油而不烧煤。由于石油燃烧起来发亮，所以它可用于照明；无数的家庭依然用燃油灯照明。由于石油很滑，所以它又可用来润滑。两种金属的表而相摩擦就产生摩擦力和热；但是如果在这两种金属的表面涂上一层薄薄的油，摩擦力和热便会减少。任何机器，如果不给它适当地添加润滑油，都不能长久地运转。用于这种目的的石油必须具有适当的稠度。如果油太稀，就不能产生充分的润滑作用；而如果油太稠，就不能渗漏到所有需要润滑的部件。 (十三)
Created only by nature but exploited by man，petroleum is a nonrenewable resource because we consume it approximately one million times faster than nature can create it。Timber is a renewable natural resource；it can be harvested，replanted，then reharvested in a few decades．In a sense，petroleum“seeds”are being planted today because the natural processes that create petroleum occur continuously．However，the results cannot be harvested for many mi1lions of years．The petro1eum that man“harvests”today was“planted’’30-600 million years ago! That is why petroleum is considered nonrenewable． Petroleum is composed of various complex combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms．These combinations are called hydrocarbons．Hydrocarbons are immiscible in water；that is，the hydrocarbons will not readily mi x with water．Oftentimes the hydrocarbons found in nature are not pure substances．They may and usually do have other elements and compounds associated with them，such as sulfur，carbon dioxide，water，and nitrogen．
石油只能由自然界生成，但由人类开发利用。人类消耗石油的速度近乎比自然界生成石油的速度快100万倍，所以石油是一种不可再生的自然资源。树木是可再生的自然资源，树木砍伐完毕可以再植，几十年后又可以砍伐了。从某种意义上说，现在正在播种石油的“种子”，因为生成石油的自然过程是连续发生的。然而，其成果要经过几百万年才能收获。我们现在“收获”的石油是3千万年到6亿年前“种植”的!这就是为什么石油被认为是不可再生的原因。
石油是由氢原子和碳原子的各种复杂的化合物组成的，这些化合物叫做“碳氢化合物”。碳氢化合物“不溶于水”，即碳氢化合物很难和水混溶。自然界的碳氢化合物中常带有杂质，它可能有(而且通常确实有)其它元素和化合物与它掺杂在一起，像硫、二氧化碳、水和氮。 (十四)
Planet Earth will don an electronic skin 1n the not—too—distant future．It will use the Internet as a scaffold to transmit its sensations．This skin is being stitched together．It consists of millions of electronic measuring devices，such as thermostats，pollution detectors，cameras，EKGs．These will probe and monitor cities and endangered species，the atmosphere，our ships，highway vehicles，our bodies-even our dreams．It is predicted that ten years from now，there will be trillions of such telemetric systems，each with a microprocessor brain and a radio．They will be in constant contact with one another．What will the earth’s new skin permit us to feel? How will central nervous system to manage this vast signaling network．
Sensuality is only one force pushing the Net toward intelligence．An eerie symbiosis of human and machine effort is also starting to evolve．The Internet creates a channel for thousands of programmers around the world to collaborate on software development and debugging．Through collaboration，this community can push past the technical barriers to machine intelligence． (十四)
在不太遥远的将来，地球将披上一层电子皮肤。地球将利用因特网作为框架来传输感觉。这张电子皮肤正在缝合。它由数以百万计的电子测量仪组成，例如恒温计、污染监测器、摄像机、心电图仪等组成。这些测量仪将对城市、濒临灭绝的物种、大气层、轮船、高速公路上行驶的车辆、人体甚至人的梦境进行探测和监视。据预测，10年以后将会出现数万亿计的这种遥测系统，这个系统都有一个微处理器和一个无线电，它们之间将保持通讯联系。地球的电子皮肤会使我们产生何种感觉呢?我们将如何利用电子皮肤的感觉呢?
官能性只是驱动网络智能化的一种力量。一种怪诞可怕的人机共生现象也已开始出现。因特网为世界各地成千上万的编程人员在软件的开发与调试方面进行合作提供了一个渠道。这种协作可以使软件编程界越过技术障碍，向机器智能的方向迈进。 (十五)
Science is important to world peace in many ways．On one hand，scientists have helped to develop many of the modern tools of war．On the other hand，they have also helped to keep the peace through study and research which has improved life for people everywhere．In our time，scientists have been able to help us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy．They have begun to develop a number of solutions to the energy problem，for example，using energy from the sun and from the atom．Scientists have also analyzed the world’s resources We are going to have to learn to share the resources we have，and we can begin to do this with the knowledge provided to us by science． Science is also important to everyone who is affected by modern technology．Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are the result of advances in technology．Almost everything in the world has been improved or changed in the last hundred years as a result of technology．While some people would ask whether all these changes are good，it is still true that technology affects all of us．And，if the present patterns continue，technology will affect us even more in the future than it does now．In some cases，such as the technology for taking salt out of ocean water，technology may be essential to our lives on earth．In order to understand the modern world and developments in it in the next century，an understanding of science and technology will be necessary．
科学对世界和平的重要性表现在许多方面。一方面，科学家帮助研制出许多现代化战争武器；另一方面，他们又通过对改善世界各地人类生活的研究维护和平。现在，科学家已经能够帮助我们认识在提供全球足够能源方面存在的问题。他们已开始发掘解决能源问题的一些方法。例如，利用太阳能和原子能。科学家还分析了世界能源。我们将不得不学会分享现在拥有的能源，并可以利用科学给我们提供的知识开始这项工作。
科学每位受现代技术影响的人亦很重要。使我们的生活更为便利、更为美好的许多东西都是技术进步的结果。由于技术进步的原因，在过去的一百年里，几乎世界上的每一事务都有所改善和变化。尽管有人怀疑是否所有的变化都是有益的，但是有一点是千真万确的，那就是技术影响了我们每个人，假如现在的模式可以继续，将来技术对我们的影响比现在还要大。有些情况下，比如从海水中提取食盐的技术对我们在地球上的生存是必不可少的。要认识现代世界、了解下一世纪的发展，就有必要掌握科学与技术。 (十六)
Training is intended primarily for the service of society；education is primarily for the individual．Society needs doctors，1awyers，engineers，teachers to perform specific tasks necessary to its operation，just as it needs carpenters and plumbers and stenographers．Training sup—plies the immediate and specific needs of society so that the work of the world may continue．And these needs，our training centers- the professional and trade schools- fill．But although education is for the improvement of the individual，it also serves society by providing a leavening of men of understanding，of perception，and wisdom．They are our intellectual Leaders，the critics of our culture，the defenders of our tree traditions，the instigators of our progress．They serve society by examining its function，appraising its needs，and criticizing its direction．They may be earning their livings by practicing one of the professions，or in pursuing a trade，or by engaging in business enterprise．They may be rich or poor．They may occupy positions of power and prestige，or they may be engaged in some humble employment．Without them，however，society disintegrates or else becomes an anthill． 培训主要是为社会服务，而教育首先是为个人服务。就像社会需要木匠、管子工、速记员一样，社会也需要医师、律师、工程师、教师，来完成特定的工作以维持其运转。培训可满足即时和具体的社会需求而使社会运作得以延续下去。而这些需求，就是由培训中心—专业和职业学校一来满足的。至于教育，虽然是为了个人进步，但它也通过提高人们的认识，增强人们的理解力和增长人们的才智服务于社会。他们是睿智者，是文化的评论家，是自由传统的捍卫者，是进步发展的鼓动家。他们通过考查社会职能、评估社会需求和评论社会发展方向来服务于社会。他们可能以从事某个职业为生，或从事贸易，或投身企业。他们可能富裕，也可能贫穷。他们可能身居要职，也可能位卑职小。然而，没有他们，社会不是土崩瓦解就是死气沉沉。 (十七)
Thousands of years ago the ancient peoples found out that days were longer in summer than in winter，and nights were shorter．They knew that this had a great deal to d0 with the changes of the seasons and the growth of plants and animals．They determined through generations of painstaking observation that the day was shortest in the Northern Hemisphere on the 22nd of December，after which it gradually grew longer until the 21st of June，when the day was the longest in the year and the night was the shortest．After that，the day would begin to shorten again gradually．In the beginning，the actual dates of these two days had to be calculated for each individual year，and depended on what kind of calendar was being used．
The first calendar to fix these days on definite dates of the year was the solar calendar，which had 365 days in a year and a“leap—year”with one extra day．
To an observer on earth，the sun seems to move farther and farther away from the equator to the north until on June 21st it seems to reach its furthest point north．Then it seems to“pause’’for one day
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before it turns around and goes back．Then it goes further and further south until on December 22nd it appears to“pause”again for one day before swerving back north again．These two days are called the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice respectively．
数千年前古代民族发现，白天夏季比冬季长，而黑夜则夏季比冬季短。他们知道这种现象与季节变化和动植物生长有很大关系。他们通过多少代人辛辛苦苦地观察，确认北半球十二月二十二日的白天最短，过了那天后，白天就逐渐变长，一直到六月二十一日。那天是一年中的白天最长，黑夜最短的一天。此后，白天又会开始逐渐变短。起初，这两天的具体日子必须每年计算，而且要看所使用的历法的种类而定。
最早把这两天固定在每年一定的日子的年历是阳历，按照这种年历，一年有三百六十五天，每四年有一个“闰年”，多一天。
在地球上的观察者看来，太阳似乎离开赤道一步步向北移动，到六月二十一日，移动到了北面最远的地方。接着太阳似乎“暂停”移动一天，然后就回头移动，一步步向南移动，直到十二月二十二日，太阳似乎又“暂停”一天，再回过头来往北移动。这两天就分别叫做夏至和冬至。 (十八)
As a result of his observations，Darwin formulated a theory 0f the evolution of human 1ife．He knew that many organisms produce more offspring than can actually survive．For example，an 0yster can spawn 100 mi1lion eggs at a time．If all these eggs survived，the 0cean would be saturated with oysters．Since a11 cannot survive，there is competition among the individuals in a species for food，water，warmth，and space，in the struggle for existence，only the fittest，or the ones that are best able to adapt，will prevail．
Darwin called his theory“natural selection，”or the survival of the fittest．He argued that those species that are the most fit，or the best able to compete with other species in the environment．will survive．The process of natural selection has occurred innumerable times．Animals with the warmest fur survive in cold areas．Plants that require the 1east amount of water survive in the desert．Fish that could adapt to life on land became the first land animals．
In 1859 Darwin published his findings in The Origin of Species．He claimed that man has evolved from a lower form of 1ife and that in fact all 1ife on the earth has developed from a single original cell．Over millions of years，through gradual change，development，and natural selection，all the different species of 1ife that we know today have evolved．
根据观察结果，达尔文系统阐述了人类生命的进化过程。他了解到，许多有机物产生的后代只有一部分能真正地存活下来。例如，牡蛎一次能产卵一亿个。如果所有的卵都存活下来，那么海洋会充满牡蛎。由于并非所有新生有机物都能存活，所以在同一物种的成员之间展开了掠食、夺水、争暖、占地的竞争。在生存的斗争中，只有最强壮的、或者适应力最强的才能生存下来。 达尔文称其理论为“自然选择”或“适者生存”。他认为在自然环境中那些最强壮的、或与其他物种竞争力最强的物种将生存下来。这种自然选择的过程发生了无数次。在寒冷地区毛皮最保暖的动物生存下来，在沙漠里需水量最少的植物生存下来，能适应陆地生活的鱼成了首批陆地动物。
1859年达尔文在《物种起源》一书中公开了他的研究成果。他声称人类是从一个较低级的生命进化而来的。而实际上，地球上所有生命都是从原始的单细胞进化而来的。数百万年来，通过逐渐变化、发展和自然选择，我们今天知道的所有不同生命的物种都进化了。 (十九) The labor plan of a joint venture is decided by the board of directors through discussions in accordance with the regulations on labor management of joint ventures using Chinese and foreign investment and the detailed rules and regulations for implementing them．The plan should be reported to the relevant authoritative department and the local department of labor and personnel for record，and it will be included in the state labor plan．
Employees of a joint venture are recruited openly in the region designated by the department of labor and personnel according to its labor plan and are selected from among the qualified ones through examinations Joint ventures may set a probation period for the recruited and officially employ the qualified and dismiss the unqualified when the probation period expires．Engineers，technicians and managerial personnel needed will be recommended by the authoritative department and the department of labor and personnel and selected by the joint venture through examination．Join ventures may，with the approval of the concerned authorities，recruit technicians and managerial personnel from elsewhere if they cannot find them in their respective regions．
合资企业的用人计划在符合利用中外投资的合资企业劳动管理条例及实施细则的情况下由董事会讨沦决定。计划应上报有关权威部门和当地劳动人事部门备案，并纳入国家劳动计划。
合资企业的员工根据计划在劳动人事部门指定的地区公开招聘，通过考试择优录取。合资企业可规定招收人员的试用期。试用期满可正式录用为合格人员，辞退不合格人员。所需工程技术人员和管理人员由权威部门和劳动人事部门推荐，由合资企业通过考试选用。经有关当局的批准，合资企业无法在本地区招聘到技术人员和管理人员时可在其他地区招聘。 (二十)
Diagnosis is the process of assigning a name to a patient’s condition．The name applied(the noun)is also called the diagnosis．If possible，a diagnosis should be the name of the disease that the patient has，e．g．，multiple sclerosis．Assigning this name implies that the illness will follow a course similar to that of other patients with the same disease．A diagnosis is a generalization(oversimplification)used for convenience of communication and thinking．Sometimes the findings cannot be expressed in terms of a disease，e．g．，paralysis of unknown cause．In such cases the clinical problem is used as the diagnosis until the patient’s disease becomes evident Some clusters of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease have been named(assigned a diagnostic term)．These clusters of findings are called syndromes．For example，leakage of protein into the urine，low serum protein，and edema are a common set of findings in long-standing diseases of the renal glomerulus．This constellation is called the nephrotic syndrome because it is not one disease，but a set of findings common to several diseases．Therefore，the patient may be diagnosed as having the nephrotic syndrome until the specific disease is known．
“诊断”是对病人的病情确定一个名称的过程。如果可能的话，诊断应该是病人所患疾病的名称。如“多发性硬化”。确定这个病名即意味着这种疾病将经历一个病程，和患有同样病的其他病人的病程相类似。诊断是一种概括(过分简单化)，以便于交流和思考。有时，检查所见并不能用一种疾病来表达，例如原因不明的瘫痪。在这样的情况下，临床所见的问题就作为诊断，直至病人的疾病变得明显为止。通常见于一种以上疾病的某些症候群已经有了名称(给予一个诊断术语)。这些症候群称之为“综合症”。例如，蛋白尿、低蛋白血症和水肿是长期肾小球疾病的常见症候群。这类综合表现称为“肾病综合征”，因为它不是一种疾病，而是几种疾病共有的症候群。因而，病人在其特定疾病被确认以前可诊断为患“肾病综合征”。 (二十一)
You will find restaurants from every situation in the United States．If you’re in a hurry，you may just want to grab some“junk food”at a grocery store，or you can get a bite to eat atone of the many fast food chains，like McDonald’s，Burger King，Kentucky Fried Chicken，Pizza Hut，or Taco Bell．Or you can get a hero or submarine sandwich“to stay”or“to go’’from a sandwich shop or deli． Some of these places have tables，but many don’t．People eat in their cars or take their food home，to their offices or to parks．If you prefer sitting down but still don’t want to spend much，you can try a cafeteria At all 0f these places，you pick and choose your own food and then pay at a cash register，but you usually have to clear the table when you finish．
Coffee shops are usually less expensive and less dressy than fine restaurants．So are pizza places，pancake houses，sandwich shops and family restaurants．But the name of a restaurant won’t necessarily tell you much about the kind of place it is or the food it serves．
在美国，你可以找到任何一种餐馆。你若来去匆匆，可以去食品店随手买些“方便食品”，也可以从麦当劳、汉堡王、肯德基炸鸡店、必胜客比萨饼屋，或玉米卷这些快餐店中挑上一家，买些食物权且充饥。你还可以上三明治店或熟食店买一块“英雄”型或“潜水艇”型的大三明治，你可以“堂吃”，也可以“外卖”。
这类快餐店有的甚至连餐桌都没有，人们买了一份快餐后，有的拿到自己的车里去吃，有的拿回自己的家里去吃，也有的拿到办公室或公园里去吃。如果您既想坐在餐桌边上吃，同时又不愿多破费，那么你可以去自助餐厅。在那里，你可先挑选自己喜欢的食物，然后到账台付钱。不过，通常用完餐后，你得先把自己的餐盘从餐桌上端走。
咖啡馆通常比高级餐馆便宜，装潢也没有高级餐馆那么讲究。比萨饼店、薄煎饼店、三明治店和家庭餐馆等，都属于价格较为便宜、装潢较为朴素的餐饮场所。当然一家餐馆的名称不一定能告诉你这家餐馆的情况，也说明不了那里食物的品质。 (二十二)
Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature，so Marx discovered the law of development of human history：the simple fact，hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology，that man kind must first of all eat，drink，have shelter and clothing，before it can pursue politics，science，art，religion，etc．，that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during。’given epoch from the foundation upon which the state institutions，the legal conceptions，art，and even the ideas on religion，of the people concerned have been evolved，and in the light of which they must therefore，be explained，instead of vice versa，as had hitherto been the case． But that is not a11．Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created．The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem，in tyring to solve which all previous investigations，of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics，had been groping in the dark． 正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样。马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即以前被芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，反映了一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段，便构成为基础。人们的国家制度、法律观点、艺术以及家教观念就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而也必须由这个基础来解释，而不像过去那样反其道而行之。
不仅如此。马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家一直在黑暗中摸索探测，企图加以解决的问题由于剩余价值发现，一下子变得一清二楚了。 (二十三) Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts insights，findings，and wisdom of the human race．Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them．Through careful
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