But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move.
Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in. 56. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of today’s Nez Perce Reservation? A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar.
C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. 57. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map?
A. They were in the state of Oregon. B. They have become a historic site. C. They have become much smaller. D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley. 答案与解析：
56. 选D。此题考察学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点（有■标志）。可以看到Chief Looking Glass Camp位于Nez Perce Reservation（范围以内）的南部。 57. 选C。从地图中我们可以看到，Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地（粗线范围内）比现在的Nez Perce保留区（阴影部分）大多了。 6．表格理解题
表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容，看懂行和列分别代表的意义，在正确理解的基础上才能做出正确的选择。通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点，而有些信息与题干无关，如通篇阅读，既缺少针对性又浪费时间，一般采用“首读题干法”为上策，即先读题目要求，带着问题在表格里查找相关信息，去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系，这就需要对各数据进行分析，找出隐含规律，此时常用“文表分析法”来提示其规律。
Country or Area A B C D E 7220 20490 29370 36570 7160 Manufacturing Resources Development 380 40 120 68130 840 Commerce and Services 89520 5170 36300 12090 19520 1370 1070 1010 120 710 98490 27310 66800 116910 28320 Others Total The above chart shows Japanese direct investment in Asian countries or areas (A、B、C、D, and E) from 1951 till 2003. The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion. In resources development, Japan didn’t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore. In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia. 1. We learn from the passage that the ―A‖ in the chart stands for _____. A. China B. Singapore C. Indonesia D. Hong Kong
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2. In total, Japan invested about 70 billion dollars more in Hong Kong than in ____. A. Singapore B. Indonesia C. Taiwan D. China
3. Japanese investment in resources development in Singapore was _____times that in Taiwan. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4. In manufacturing, Indonesia ranked ________. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth 5. According to the chart, we know _______ attracted Japan most. A. manufacturing B. resources development C. commerce and services D. others
答案与解析：考查学生理解图表和结合文字叙述摄取有关信息的做题能力。此题首先要清楚A、B、C、D、E所代表的国家或地区。从“The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, ”可以知道A、E代表香港和中国大陆，从后一句“but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion.”可以进一步确定A代表香港，E代表中国大陆。从“In resources development, Japan didn’t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore.”可以知道C是新加坡，B是台湾，D无疑就是印度尼西亚了，从最后一句“In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia”也可得到印证。确定了这五个国家和地区，问题就迎刃而解了。答案：1-5 DDAAC 7．代词指代题
代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。 例题1： …
The theory is supported by the facts that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars –seems too little for a car worth many times more.
Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. ―We have more important things to do,‖ he said. 52. The underlined word ―they‖ in the last paragraph refers to ________. A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money
答案与解析：选D。从文中最后一段可知，they 应当对应该段前面的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。该部分大意为“媒体一报道这些事件之后，发案率有所下降。即使demands for money的势头有所上升，陈表明，捉住罪犯也没什么希望，因为他们（警察）有更重要的事要做。”。 二、推理判断题解题技能
这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，
理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，
从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的
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含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有：
(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that . / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that . (2) We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that…
(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that . (4) The author implies that by the year 2050, .
(5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should . (6) The author mentions the fact that…to show . (7) This passage would most likely be found in _________? (8) The author’s attitude toward …is _________?
(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：
A. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 B. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
C. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
D. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
E. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。
以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型：
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
例题：
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MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border(边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security(安全) rules.
The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.
…
59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _______.
A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs station D. an American working in a Canadian church
答案与解析：选A。根据第一段中的cost a US citizen $ 10,000可以推断出Richard Albert是美国人，working in a Canadian church与第二段后两句事实不符。 2．因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。
例题1：
60. Albert was fined because he ________.
A. failed to obey traffic rules. B. broke the American security rules. C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office.
答案与解析：选B。从第一段得知Albert被海关罚了$10,000是因为breaking Washington’s strict new security(安全) rules。
3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题
高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：
（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。
（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，
尤其是感情色彩的形容词。
（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?
…
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. … and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain. …
64. How would the author describe the animals’ life in zoos? A. Dangerous. B. Unhappy. C. Natural. D. Easy.
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答案与解析：64. 选B。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，由本段中的第一句话keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments，以及后文当中的The animals are kept together in small spaces, 和 a sign of unhappiness and pain. 可以推断出作者认为动物园中的动物的生活不幸福。 4．篇章结构推断题
根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。 例题1：
Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.
Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. …
59. How does the writer explain birds’ singing?
A. By comparing birds with human beings. B. By reporting experiment results. C. By describing birds’ daily life. D. By telling a bird’s story.
答案与解析：由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。 5．文章结论推断题
由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。 例题：
In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word \排队). He spoke of the French and their \Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue for something to buy. This was the source of many Second World War jokes:
Shopkeeper to customer: Excuse me, miss, are you pregnant (怀孕)? Customer: Well, I wasn’t when I joined the queue.
Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain) can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing - as compared to twelve months looking for things we have lost. But things may be changing.
…
But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine o’ clock the next morning without going into the shop. 71. We can infer from the passage that ________.
A. queue management doesn’t work well B. there is still queuing in England
C. we don’t see much queuing in Paris D. the French like queuing more than the British
答案与解析：选B。文章结论推断题。文章最后说了“But some people just like queuing.”，该句表明在英国还是有人喜欢排队，因此排队仍然存在。
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