附录
附录五 英文文献：
The development of the mould design manufacture
Plastic industry is the world one of the fastest growing industries. Since 1909 realize chemical synthesis method with pure production of plastic, starting with plastic industry
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more than 90 years of history has. In 1927, PVC plastic polymer chemistry since the advent, along with the development of technology, various performance plastic, especially polyamide, poly formaldehyde, ABS, polycarbonate, poly (PSF, polystyrene ether, fluorine plastic engineering plastic development is rapid, its speed exceeded polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene four general plastic, plastic pieces in industrial products and supplies from a wide range of applications, plastic instead of metal examples, everywhere. Plastic has the advantages of a series of metal, such as: less weight, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation good, easily modelling, high efficiency and low cost, etc. But there are also many its defects, such as: anti-aging sex, heat-resistant, antistatic, resistance to flammability and mechanical strength below than metal. But as the polymer synthesis technology, material modification technology and forming technology progress, more and more excellent performance plastic polymer materials are constantly emerging, which prompted plastic industry the leap development.
Plastic species increased, new engineering plastic varieties of plastic molding equipment, increased, forming technology and mould technology level of development for the application of plastic parts, developed the wide field. At present, the plastic parts of the national economy already deep into each department. Especially in office machines, camera, automobile, instrument and apparatus, machinery manufacturing, aviation, transportation, communication, light industry, building materials products, daily necessities and household appliances industry trend of the parts plastic continuously strengthened, and have sold products. According to reports, the United States has become the country's first plastic industry four largest industrial annually, plastic consumption has more than steel. In the world according to the size and weight computation of the consumption of plastic parts also exceeded steel. The plastics industry in China is expanding rapidly, especially in the last 20 years, yield and variety are greatly increased, many novelty engineering plastic also has already put in batch production. Plastics in 1990, the highest in the world 536.8 tons to fourth place. Nowadays, China plastics industry has formed a fairly large complete system, it includes plastic production, forming, plastic machinery equipment, tooling and scientific research, personnel training, etc. Plastic industry in the national economy in each department plays a more and bigger role. Along with the science and technology progress and the national economy development to extensive plastic parts, plastic moulding technology needs to high precision, high efficiency and being long lifetime in that direction. Because it is a comprehensive technology, so it's development will inevitably involve many areas of mutual cooperation.
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1. The progress of plastic molding theory of plastic in all kinds of mold filling process the rheological behavior research unceasingly thorough; Relevant extrusion rheological theory and mathematical model has been set up, basically in actual production and has been used in; The rheological theory about injection molding is discussed; in The plastic injection molding melt in a peacekeeping two-dimensional simple cavity of mold filling flow theory and mathematical model has solved somewhat, the future work is to combine theory with practical production to further enhance the plastic melt in 3-d cavity flow behavior of the research. Further deepen the theoretical basis and the plastic molding technology principle of study so as to improve molding process methods, molding and shaping equipments. 2. The plastic molding method innovation for some new plastic and some have special requirements, the old plastic parts molding method has no longer apply. Therefore, in recent years appeared a lot of new methods, such as the plastic molding materials without port coagulation thermosetting plastic injection molding, the injection molding, low foam injection molding, exhaust injection molding, flow injection molding, power molten injection molding, gas-assisted injection molding and many varieties of plastic injection molding, casting of plastic molding, plastic powder sintering molding etc.
3. Plastic pieces of precision, miniaturization and super-large change in order to meet various departments of national economy of plastic parts of precision, miniaturization and super operating requirements of high precision mould, miniature and large mold
developed, small size and type of plastic molding equipment also constantly emerging, for example, Germany injection quantity developed only 0.1 g miniature injection machine. Can produce 0.05 g a miniature plastic products around. Domestic manufacturing of 0.5 gram's injection machine and can produce about 0.1 g a miniature plastic products (such as watch shaft, etc.).
Mold is molded parts of one of important technical equipment production. Mould with its particular shape through certain way makes raw material molding. Different plastic forming methods using different molding technology and principle and structure characteristics and not the same plastic mould. Plastics quality fit and unfit quality and production efficiency, mould factors account for 80%. A pair of good quality injection mould can molding millions of times, compression modulus can produce about 250,000, these all made with mold design and has a great relationship. In the modern plastics production, reasonable moulding technology, efficient molding equipment, advanced plastic mould and manufacturing technology is indispensable factors, especially plastic mould to realize plastic processing technology requirements, the use of plastic parts
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requirement and modelling design plays an important role. Efficient automatic equipment also only loaded on to automate production mold just may exert its effectiveness, the production and the update is mold design and manufacturing and updated as the prerequisite. As the national economy in all areas of the department of plastic parts demand varieties and yield increasing, products renewal cycle increasingly short, users to the requirements of the quality of plastic parts increasingly high, so for mould design and manufacturing cycle and quality put forward higher request, prompting plastic mold design and manufacturing technology evolving development, thus pushing the plastic industrial production and high-speed development, say, mould design and manufacture level marks a national industrialization development degree.
附录六 中文翻译
模具设计制造的发展
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塑料工业是世界上增长最快的工业之一。自1909年实现以纯粹化学合成方法生产塑料算起，塑料工业已有90余年的历史。1927年聚氯乙烯塑料问世以来，随着高分子化学技术的发展，各种性能的塑料，特别是聚酰胺、聚甲醛、ABS、聚碳酸酯、聚砜、聚苯醚、氟塑料等工程塑料发展迅速，其速度超过了聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯与聚苯乙烯等四种通用塑料，使塑件在工业产品与生活用品方面获得广泛的应用，以塑料代替金属的实例，比比皆是。塑料有着一系列金属所不及的优点，诸如：重量轻、耐腐蚀、电气绝缘性好、易于造型、生产效率高与成本低廉等。但也存在许多自身的缺陷，诸如：抗老化性、耐热性、抗静电性、耐燃性及比机械强度低于金属。但随着高分子合成技术、材料改性技术及成型工艺的进步，愈来愈多的具有优异性能的塑料高分子材料不断涌现，从而促使塑料工业飞跃发展。
塑料的种类增多，新的工程塑料品种的增加，塑料成型设备、成型工艺技术和模具技术水平的发展，为塑件的应用开拓了广阔的领域。目前，塑件已深入到国民经济的各个部门中。特别是在办公机器、照相机、汽车、仪器仪表、机械制造、航空、交通、通信、轻工、建材业产品、日用品以及家用电器行业中的零件塑料化的趋势不断加强，并且陆续出现全塑产品。据报道，美国塑料工业已变为全美第四个最大的工业，每年的塑料消耗量已经超过钢材。在全世界按照体积和重量计算塑件的消耗量也超过了钢材。我国的塑料工业发展也很快，特别是近20年，产量和品种都大大增加，许多新颖的工程塑料也已投入批量生产。塑件1990年达到536.8万吨，居世界第四位。如今，我国塑料工业已形成了相当规模的完整体系，它包括塑料的生产，成型加工，塑料机械设备，模具加工以及科研、人才培养等。塑料工业在国民经济的各个部门中发挥了愈来愈大的作用。
随着科学技术的进步与国民经济发展对塑件的广泛需求，塑料模塑成型技术正在向高精度、高效率与长寿命的方向迈进。由于它是一项综合性技术，所以它的发展必然涉及许多领域的共同配合。
1. 塑料成型理论的进展 塑料在充模过程中的各种流变行为的研究不断深入；有关挤出成型的流变理论和数学模型已经基本上建立，并且已在生产实际中得到应用；有关注射成型的流变理论尚在进行探讨；注射成型的塑料熔体在一维和二维简单模腔中的充模流动理论和数学模型已经有所解决，今后的工作是如何将理论与生产实际相结合，进一步加强对塑料熔体在三维模腔中流动行为的研究。进一步加深塑料成型理论基础和工艺原理的研究借以改进成型工艺方法、成型模具和成型设备。 2. 塑料成型方法的革新 对于一些新型塑料和一些具有特殊要求的塑件，旧的成型方法已不再适用。因此，近年来出现了许多新型的塑料成型方法，如无流道凝料的注射成型、热固性塑料的注射成型、低发泡注射成型、排气注射成型、流动注射成型、动力熔融注射成型、气体辅助注射成型以及多品种塑料的共注射成型、铸塑成型、塑料粉末烧结成型等。
3. 塑件的精密化、微型化和超大型化 为了满足国民经济各个部门对塑件的精密化、
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微型化和超大型化的使用要求，高精度模具、微型和大型模具得到发展，小型和新型的塑料成型设备亦不断涌现，例如，德国研制的注射量只有0.1g的微型注射机。可以生产0.05g左右的微型塑料产品。国内制造的0.5g的注射机，可以生产0.1g左右的微型塑料产品（如手表轴等）。
模具是塑件生产的重要工艺装备之一。模具以其特定的形状通过一定的方式使原料成型。不同的塑料成型方法使用着不同的模塑工艺和原理及结构特点及不相同的塑料模具。塑件质量的优劣及生产效率的高低，模具因素占80%。一副质量好的注射模可以成型上百万次，压缩模大约可以生产25万件，这些都同模具设计和制造有很大的关系。在现代塑件生产中，合理的模塑工艺、高效的模塑设备、先进的塑料模具和制造技术是必不可少的因素，尤其是塑料模具对实现塑料加工工艺要求、塑件的使用要求和造型设计起着重要的作用。高效的全自动设备也只有装上能自动化生产的模具才可能发挥其效能，产品的生产和更新都是以模具的设计制造和更新为前提。随着国民经济领域的各个部门对塑件的品种和产量需求愈来愈大、产品更新换代周期愈来愈短、用户对塑件质量的要求愈来愈高，因而对模具设计与制造的周期和质量提出了更高的要求，促使塑料模具设计和制造技术不断向前发展，从而也推动了塑料工业生产高速发展，可以说，模具设计与制造水平标志着一个国家工业化发展的程度。
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