第一章禀赋结构,发展战略与经济增长(6)

2019-08-17 11:53

北京大学博士学位论文 第一章

私有化,因为害怕大规模失业,这些低效率的国有企业就不可能被关闭,政府被迫继续提供各种明补和暗补。一方面私有化不能如休克疗法方案开始设想的那样使企业的预算约束硬化,另一方面许多新出现的私有企业正在转向政府谋取各种各样的“租”。因此,即使采纳休克疗法,市场在短期内也不会良好运转。改革初期轻工业和服务部门的增长不能抵补重工业的下降。结果生产大幅下滑,经济衰退,同时伴随恶性通货膨胀,社会剧烈动荡,人民生活水平下降。

这些与实行渐进式改革的中国形成鲜明对照。大陆经济改革从微观机制入手,在农村解散集体农业,在城市通过扩大企业自主权改善对国有企业的治理,鼓励发展面临预算硬约束的非国有企业,在价格和汇率全面放开之前引入双轨制,没有进行大规模私有化,国有企业继续保持在工业部门中的主导地位。传统经济中的被压制部门符合经济的比较优势,因为存在需求缺口而更具盈利性。微观经营体制改革带来意想不到的成果,享有自主权的企业家在利润动机驱动下,能将社会新增财富配置到那些更盈利的受压制部门。既然计划分配机制和扭曲的宏观政策环境还存在,国家就依然控制着原有的资源,并将它们配置于优先发展部门。在整个改革过程中,经济持续增长,而且随着经济增长,按计划价格配置的资源份额越来越少。于是,到商品价格完全放开时,震荡比计划价与市场价之间的差距所显示的要小得多。通过这种谨慎、渐进的方式,在改革过程中逐渐以市场体制替代传统的计划体制,同时保持了显著的经济增长和物价的相对稳定。

当然,中国现在的经济改革也存在着各种缺陷,特别是国有部门的改革相对缓慢。在这一点上,比较优势理论坚持认为,取消政策性负担,为国有企业创造一个公平竞争的环境,使国有企业的经营绩效能充分反映国有企业经营的优劣,并因此根除国有企业预算软约束的借口,是国有企业改革成功的必要条件。当国有企业没有政策性负担,国家也就不再需要给予国有企业政策性补贴的时候,国家就可以放开银行的利率和各种物价,经济周期波动的现象就能得到缓解,加之企业预算约束的硬化以及企业效率的提高,银行的呆帐、坏帐比例就会降低。各种以行政力量干预价格形成机制行为的减少,使寻租的必要性大大降低,对贪污腐化问题的存在,将可产生釜底抽薪之效,同时,政府也就可以放开农产品和矿产品的价格,地区差别和粮食问题将得以缓解。改革也就在最大限度上实现了平稳化的过渡。

(八) 政府行为与发展战略

在上述的分析里,我们实际上遗留了一个重要问题:如何理解发展战略与政府行为之间的关系。或者说,如果发展战略被认为是整个政府行为的出发点,政府为

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北京大学博士学位论文 第一章

什么会采取不同的发展战略?前文中所提出的假设III并不适用于同一国家内部,所以重新理解一下政府行为中的逻辑关系就很重要了。

政府选择怎样的发展战略,其决定因素对于同一国家内不同的地区是不相同的。实施一项从长远利益上有助于经济发展的政策,对于当政者而言,关键在于能否在任期内为之带来足够的个人利益。一旦政府的收益和社会收益发生抵触时,改革政策的推行就会面临当权者的反对(Hellman,1998)。比如在中国农村工业化的过程中,不同地区的地方政府所扮演的角色是差异较大的。实际上,经过了20年的经济改革,中国乡村基层政府与企业之间已经形成了不同的模式,尽管基层政府的官员都会在不同程度上涉嫌腐败问题。中国沿海地区的政府大多已经开始放弃对企业经营活动的直接干预,而转向控制一些稀缺资源(如土地),换言之政府和企业之间的关系有些类似“租佃分成制”。中部省份的情况就不容乐观了,政府干预甚至参予企业经营很大程度上是为了更便于获取利益,加之任期有限,而收入水平又向富裕省份看齐,结果地方官对企业或者农民的掠夺呈现出行为短期化的倾向。西部地区由于经济落后,政府更关心所谓“政绩”,但是实施分散化的市场经营短期内难以见效,于是就事无巨细的统管起来,最终完全阻碍了市场化的改革。

比较优势理论目前在理解具体的政府行为和制度结构互动方面,还需要进行深入细致地研究。另外,宪政制度、法律传统、国际政治格局等诸多因素的影响也应得到更为明确的讨论。

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五、结语

我们的研究目的,是希望在林毅夫及其合作者的基础上,将比较优势理论发展为一个更严格的理论框架。在本章中,我们重点介绍了该理论框架在既有文献中的学术贡献,及其主要的理论推论。在以后的章节中,我们将从理论模型和实证分析的角度来进一步阐释和验证比较优势理论。当然,主要的讨论对象是中国自1978年以来的经济现实状况,其中包括,工业化的速度、经济增长与收敛的趋势、企业的预算软约束程度、企业的技术效率、城乡收入分配差距等等。因为篇幅的限制, 许多重要的问题都未能涉及,例如生产率分析、各产业的资本回报率、积累率、经

29 例如,Frye和Shleifer(1997)认为前苏联的改革过程中即存在此类现象。Morduch和Sicular(2000)实证测算证明在中国乡村改革中发生了相反的情况,他们认为这种正向激励的可能性源于所谓的模糊产权(Che和Qian,1997),当然这要取决于一些条件(Robinson,1997),比如,执政者时间偏好率的大小;垄断租金的规模;收入分配的不平等程度;搭便车是否会阻止类似正向激励过程等等。

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北京大学博士学位论文 第一章

济开放程度、金融结构、外部帐户的可持续性等等,我们打算在其它的研究报告中对此再展开深入的论述。

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