战斗，只能只持续几小时，也可能持续若干天。fight 意为―战斗‖，往往指战场上的搏斗，还可作―打架‖解。struggle 意为―斗争‖，常侧重于精神上或政治上的斗争。
His work was stopped, however, by the First World War.然而，由于第一次世界大战，他的（研究）工作停顿了。
Did you serve in either of my last two campaigns?我的上两次战役你参加过一次没有？
No one was killed in that battle.那次战斗中无一人阵亡。 It is a fight between life and death.这是一场生死搏斗。
Many of these songs called on the workers to take up the struggle.这些歌曲中有许多是号召工人们起来斗争的。 3. acute, critical, crucial, urgent
这一组形容词都有\严重的，重要的\意思。 1) acute a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
2) critical a.意为\关键的\，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指\批判性的，分析 性的\。
It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习，否则你会不及格的。
3) crucial a.意为\决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的\，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。 {附加辨析}decisive和decided decisive “果断的，断然的”； decisive measures 断然的措施。 decided “明确的，无疑的”；a decided success 明显的成功。
4) urgent a.意为\紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的\，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调\紧急的\状态。
We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
4. attack, assail, assault, charge, beset, descend on, overtake, storm 攻打，进攻
1) 一切具有进攻性的行为，特别是指无缘无故地用武力偷袭敌人attack
2) 用武力或其他手段突然打击敌人，特别是猛烈的连续袭击 assail 3) 用武力相互攻击对方，特别指肉搏战assault
4) 冲击或骑兵的突然攻击charge
6
6) 指捕食的鹰俯冲下来捕捉牺牲品，但它常常用于形象的比喻descend on 7) 暴风雨、麻烦等突然降临某人、某个地方 overtake
8) 用炮弹、烟火弹或导弹进行攻击 bombard
例句：歹徒时常在黑暗的街道上攻击被害者。 Muggers often assault their victims on dark streets. 5. retire, retreat, withdraw, flee, fly 这些动词均含“退下、退却”之意。
1) Retire,指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
2) Retreat, 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
3) Withdraw, 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退
4) flee, 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。 5) fly含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
四、课文A语篇与难点 课文语篇 I．课文主题
Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conquerors. Chengis Khan spent his entire life conquering neighboring peoples and expanding the Mongolian Empire. Many Roman Emperors did the same for the Rome empire — so much so that at one time they ruled modern-day Great Britain.
Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their rise and fall in the distant past. Yet if we want to examine conquerors, there is no need to go back that far. This text will focus on Napoleon and Hitler.
Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia (the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter — the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed. Warm-up
1) Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful?
2) Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class.
3) A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions (参见教师用书P3 II)
Cultural Notes (参见教师用书P4-7) II．课文结构
Text organization
Part one (Paras 1-2) Introduction—Both Napoleon‘s and Hitler‘s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.
7
Part two (Paras 3-11) Napoleon‘s military campaign against Russia
Part three (Paras 12-20) Hitler‘s military campaign against the Soviet Union Part four (Paras 21) Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. 课文重点、难点
1. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow---- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌――俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
But表转折。定语从句that met him in Moscow修饰the devastating enemy。The raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter 作 enemy 的同位语。
2. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side.
到了八月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。 本句中，定语从名that left over ten thousand dead on each side 修饰 a battle. 3. The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French．
法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林，采用打了就跑的战术，向法国人发起攻击。
此句中,from fields and forests作地点状语。合成短语Hit-and-run 作定语，修饰attack.
4. To the east of Hitler‘s German empire was the Soviet Union. 希特勒的德意志亮帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。 此句为倒装结构。The Soviet Union 为主语。正常语序为The Soviet Union was to the east of Hitler‘s German empire.注意介词to与at, in, on 在表地点方面的区别。
5. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. 1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决，预计这一战役不会超过3个月。
此句中, 定语从句that was the largest military land campaign in history修饰an invasion。Confident of a quick victory 为定语从句短语作原因状语。……no longer than…… ，为比较级短语，表前者不如后者更长，（时间上）不会超过。 6. Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to ―scorch the earth‖ in front of the German invaders.
苏联领导人约瑟夫.斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。
过去分词短语caught off guard by the invasion, 表示原因状语。Instruct sb. to do sth. 指示某人做某事。
7. As Hitler‘s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years.
正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。
此句是一个含有as引导的时间状语从句的复合句。Closer and closer为比较级
8
连用，表示“愈来愈（近）”。The harshest 后面省略了winter, 最高级短语the harshest 为主语an early, severe winter 的同位语。
8. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege.
德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。
介词短语with little or no shelter from …… 作主句的原因状语。Not until … 表“直到…，才…”，放于句首，引起句子倒装。常表强调时间之用。正常语序为the Germans did not give up their siege until January 1943.
句型结构
1. 地点介词at、on、in、to
1）at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在??的平面上。如at the
door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。
2）on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如： Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）
Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)
3）地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。 2. by surprise, in surprise与to one’s surprise：
by surprise用于take ? by surprise 出乎?意料；对?突然袭击。 例如：He took me by surprise when he suddenly appeared at the door. 他突然出现在门口，这使我感到意外。 in surprise 惊讶地
例如：He looked at me in surprise. 他惊讶地看着我。 to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶的是。
例如：To my surprise he got full marks in the physics test. 使我惊讶的是他物理得了满分。
to one's ＋n.令某人感到??的是, 类似结构短语有：
to one's delight 令某人高兴的是，其中delight是名词，用在以下结构中： to one's joy令某人高兴的是 to one's sorrow令某人伤心的是 to one's excitement令某人激动的是
to one's encouragement令某人感到鼓舞的是 to one's disappointment令某人失望的是 3. 不定式
9
不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、状语、补语和定语。作主语和宾语时，常用it做形式主语（或宾语），而将不定式移到后面，有时还需用for/of+代词/名词引出不定式的逻辑主语。for与of用法不一样，of之前的形容词常表示某人的性格品质，如honest，kind，nice，rude等。例如:It is wise of you to have made preparations in advance.（英明是人的性格特征。）一些形容词如able，apt，certain，eager，lucky等常由不定式来修饰。如He was lucky to find his lost wallet.
不带to的不定式使用场合极多: 1）情态动词之后
2）had better，would/had rather，would sooner，had best，would just as soon，might as well，cannot but等搭配之后 3）make，let，leave等使役动词之后 4）see，watch等感官动词之后 5）主语从句中带有do的某种形式，主语补语的不定式to可以省去。如What I want to do at present is（to）have a rest. 6）except，but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后的不定式不带to。如At present we can do nothing but wait. 7）rather than，sooner than放句首时，其后的不定式不带to。如Rather than risk breaking his marriage he told his wife everything. 8）Why（not）...?结构中用不带to的不定式 9）help之后可以用或不用to
五、课文B重点、难点
1. It took more than a year for military planers to orchestrate every movement of troops, artillery, ships and aircraft and to set everything in place for the move that was to open up a second front in Europe. （line 5-7）
军事家运筹帷幄，用了一年多的时间部署军队、大炮、船只和飞机，为这一行动作了周密安排，以便在欧洲开辟第二战线。 在句中，it是全句的形式主语，不定式短语to orchestrate… and to set….是全句的真实主语。more than为比较级短语，“比…更多，多于…，不仅”；not more than 不超过；no more than “不过；仅仅”。
例如：Winter sleep is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉。 She is not more than thirty. 她不超过三十岁。
She is no more than thirty.＝She is only thirty. 她只不过三十岁。
2. Everything was controlled; right down to the placement of military decoys across the English Channel to fool the Germans into thinking the attack would come from Britain‘s closest point to France at Pas de Calais rather than in Normandy as planned. (line 10-13)
一切就绪，英吉利海峡上甚至还设下疑兵迷惑德国人，使他们相信将在英法最接近处的加来海峡发起攻击，而不是计划中的诺曼底。 1) fool sb. into doing sth. 愚弄（迷惑）某人做某事
10