全新版大学英语第四册综合教程单词详解(9)

2019-08-20 20:41

8.destructive a.1)破坏(性)的,毁灭(性)的 2)消极的,非建设性的,没有

帮助的[反constructive] 【例句】1)Taking drugs is destructive to one‘s health. 吸毒对人体健康的损害极大。

2)Instead of offering the boy constructive advice, she made some destructive criticism on him.她非但没有给这个男孩人和有建设性的建议,反而对他进行消极的批评。

【扩展】destroy vt. 破坏,摧毁,打破,消除destruction n. 破坏,破坏物,毁灭的原因(或手段)destructible a. 可破坏的,可毁灭的

9.offend vt.1)冒犯,得罪,伤害?的感情2)使厌恶,使不舒服 3)违反,违

【例句】1)He apologized for having offended her.他因冒犯了她而道歉。

2)Some music offends, rather than pleases, the ear.有些音乐不是悦耳,而是刺耳。

3)The process offends every known natural law.这过程违犯了一切已知的自然规律。

【扩展】offensive a. 冒犯的,无礼的,讨厌的,进攻的 offence /offense n.罪行,得罪,攻击

10.submerge v. 1)(使)潜入水中,(使)浸没,淹没 [反emerge] 2)(完全)

掩盖,遮盖

【例句】1)The house was submerged by flood water. 房屋被洪水淹没了。 2)He is absolutely submerged in work.他公务缠身。 【扩展】submergence n. 浸没,淹没

11.perspective n.1) 透视法,透视图,透视感2)视角,观点,想法 3) 远景,

景观

【例句】1)They often paint without perspectives.他们常常不用透视法作图。 2) The scholar tends to view most issues from a cultural perspective.这位学者常从文化的角度看待大多数问题。

3)From the top of the hill, you can get a perspective of the small town.从山顶上你能眺望到小镇的景色。

【扩展】易混:prospective a. 预期的,未来的,即将发生的

【考点】from the perspective of / from a …perspective 从?角度,从?视角 12. ethnic a.1)民族的,种族的,部落的2)具有民族特色的

【例句】1) I was intrigued by the ethnic arts of Miao nationality.我对苗族的民族艺术甚是着迷。 2)The restaurant with ethnic flavor enjoys good business.这家有民族特色的餐厅生意兴隆。

【扩展】ethnically ad. 民族地,种族地 易混:ethic n.道德标准,行为准则,伦理

【考点】ethnic minority 少数民族

13.essential a.1) 必不可少的,非常重要的2)本质的,实质的,基本的 n.1)

必需品2)要素,要点

【例句】1)Exercise is essential to life.锻炼对身体绝对重要。 2)Her most essential quality is kindness.她最重要的品质是厚道。

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【例句】1)The room was furnished with the simplest essentials: a bed, a chair and a table.这个房间里陈设的最简单的生活必需品:一张床,一把椅子和一张桌子。

2) the essentials of grammar 语法要点

【扩展】essence n. 本质,实质,要素,精华 essentially ad. 本质地

【考点】be essential to 对?来说是必不可少的 in essence 本质上 of the essence 重要的,基本的,必要的

14.combination n.1) 结合,组合,联合,合作,合并 2) 联合体,合并体 【例句】1)A combination of high interest rates and falling demand forced the company to close.高利率加上低需求迫使这家公司倒闭。

2) The company is developing a new product in combination with several research institutes.该公司正在联合几家研究所开发一种新产品。

【扩展】combine vt. (使)结合,组合,合并 n. 联合企业,联合收割机 【考点】do sth. in combination with sb. 和某人合作做某事 combine against 为反对?而联合 combine A with B 将A和B 结合 15.destiny n.1)命运2)定数,天命 [同fate]

【例句】1)George determined to put his destiny in his own hands.乔治决心要掌握自己的命运。

2)It was his destiny to become the king of this great country. 他命中注定要成为这个伟大国家的国王。

【扩展】destine v. 注定,预定,指定(for) destined a. 命中注定的,预定的

【考点】辨析:destiny, doom, fate, fortune n. 命运

destiny 正式用词,强调预先注定的“命运、天命、定数”,有时暗示未来可能是充满希望的。doom 指最终的、通常是毁灭性的、无法抗拒的“厄运、劫数”。fate 常用词,可指一个人的“命运”本身,有时可与destiny 互换,但该词多指不好的运气,或指被人认为能主宰命运的、无法抗拒的力量,无法控制或改变的事。fortune指影响一个人前途的“运气、时运、命运”前面不加修饰语时指好运,“厄运”可用短语ill fortune 表示,该词还可以和动词tell 搭配,意为“算命”。

16.discourage vt.1) 使泄气,使灰心 2)阻拦,阻止[反encourage]

【例句】1)He was greatly discouraged by the setback.他因这次挫败而十分灰心。

2)I tried to discourage him from trying that dangerous game.我努力阻止他尝试那种危险的游戏。

【扩展】discouraging a. 令人灰心的,阻止的 discouraged a. 灰心丧气的,沮丧的discouragement n. 灰心,泄气,使人灰心的事物,阻止 【考点】discourage sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

三、课文A重点短语

1.give way (to) 1) 让路2)退步,让步,屈服3) 坍塌,倒塌 【例句】1)She couldn‘t really do anything and so she gave way.她实在没有办法,只得让步。

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2)Due to poor maintenance and excessive traffic, the ancient bridge finally gave way.那座古桥终因维护不善和交通负担过重而坍塌。 【考点】give away 赠送,分发

2.leave behind 1)留下,遗留2)不带,忘记带上3)把?撇在后面

【例句】1)The storm left a trail of destruction behind.暴风雨过后留下满目疮痍的景象。

2)He went off in a hurry and left behind his key.他匆匆离开,忘了带上钥匙。 3)Wait! Don‘t leave me behind. 等等,别撇下我。

【考点】leave for 出发去? leave over 留下,剩下 leave about 乱扔,乱放 leave alone 听任,不理会 leave off 放弃,停止 leave out 遗漏,省掉,不包括 take (one‘s) leave of 向?告辞 3.show up 1)[口] 出席,露面 2)暴露,显露

【例句】1)Did everyone you invited show up?你邀请的人都到了吗?

2) His silly answer to this simple question showed up his ignorance.对这一简单问题的回答暴露了他的无知。

【考点】show off 炫耀,卖弄 show around 带领?参观某地 show sb. in 开门请某人进入 show sb. out 开门送某人出去 4.in the … sense 在?意义上

【例句】In the cultural sense, this is a typical stereotype. 在文化的意义上,这是典型的“成见”。

【考点】in a /one sense 在某方面,在某种意义上来说 in a broad / sense 广义地 in a narrow sense 狭义地 in no sense 决不(是) make sense 讲得通,有意义 make sense of 理解,弄懂?的意思 5.in advance 在前面,预先,事先

【例句】1)His ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived. 他的思想远远超越了他所生活的时代。

2)He paid 300 dollars in advance. 他预付了300 美元。

【考点】in advance of (时间,程度,水平等)在?前面,在?之前

四、课文A语篇与难点 课文语篇 I. 课文主题

America is not declining, but is in the process of creating a new college-like Pacific civilization. This civilization enjoys unprecedented openness and pluralism as well as polycentric mind. Los Angles is a premonition of this new civilization, as it hosts many diversified cultures and ethnic groups. In this city, the traditional culture of the Third World Countries fuses with the cultures of developed countries in a cooperative and harmonious manner. The reason behind this harmony lies in the fact that America offers ―the chance to try‖, which fills people with hopes.

美国并未走向衰落,而是正在创建一种崭新的具有广泛性的太平洋拼盘式文化。这是一种前所未有的开放型的多元文化,一种有多种精神中心的文化。洛杉机正是这种新兴文化的先兆,它包容多民族、多文化。在这个城市里,第三世界

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国家的传统文化和发达国家的文化互相融合、合作,和谐共存。究其原因,是因为美国给人们提供了“尝试的机会“。这种机会是人们总是充满希望。

II. 课文结构

Part 1 (Paras.1-5).美国并未走向衰落,而是处于新的太平洋拼盘式文化的创造

过程中。

America is not declining, but is in the process of creating a new college-like Pacific civilization.

Part 2 (Paras.6-21).洛杉机正是这种新文化的范例。

Los Angles is a good example of such a college.

Part 3(Para.14-22).美国社会中存在各种因素,将各个不同部分粘合在一起,

形成美国文化拼盘。这种因素就是:尝试(并取得成功)的机会。

This is something in America that acts as ―glue‖ to piece different parts together make the America college: the chance to try.

课文重点、难点

1.It is so hard to think of this nation in decline when you know that?any

improvement at all. (Lines.7-9)

如果你了解到世界上很多地区已完全处于瘫痪状态,根本无法取得任何进步时,你很难相信美国正在衰落。

解析:which引导的定语从句修饰vast regions. paralyzed 和incapable为并列关系。

2.It may be that the Euro-centered America nation is declining ? not be limited to,

America (Lines.16-18)

也许以欧洲为中心的美国正在衰落,正由一种新的包括美国但并不局限于美国的太平洋文化所代替。

解析:句中“but not be limited to ”为插入语,加在include后更加精确地表示这一文化的范围。此短语经常出现在法律文本和合同中。

3.Unlike any other place on the planet, Los Angles shows us the ?, a Western

conception of time. (Line 84-87)

与世界上任何其它地方不同的是,洛杉矶项我们表明,一旦第三世界的心态与充满机会的开放精神融合,与具有高度条理性的文化相融合,与西方的时间观念相融合,就会具有发展的潜力。

解析:once的后面部分是时间状语从句,表示一旦出现融合,洛杉矶就会展示出发展的潜力。an open sense of possibility, a culture of organization和 a western conception of time 是并列关系,均是“第三世界心态”相融合的因素。 4.From the perspective of a world submerged in ? is something unbelievable.

(Line 102-103)

世界充满了宗教、种族和民族冲突。从这个角度来看,这种融合的合作真是令人难以置信。

解析:(that is) submerged in religious, ethnic and racial conflict 是说明a world 的定语。 be submerged in 意为“被浸在,被淹没在”。这里意译为“充满”。在翻译定语从句的长句时宜使用断句翻译的方法,使译文更加流畅。

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五、课文B重点、难点

1.A few months before, as I was ? both Spanish and English. (Lines.12-14) 几个月前我去得克萨斯时,在达拉斯机场,我听到广播分别用西班牙语和英语两种语言播报航班消息,指引乘客上联运飞机。

解析:I heard 这句话的主干是“I heard taped voice announcing?”。―used to …”是定语,前面省略了‖that was‖,用以修饰―taped voice‖.

2.Our most publicized novelist recently ? or ― Hitler was a prophet‖.

(Lines.65-68)

我们以为知名度很高的小说家最近声称,西方文明是人类最伟大的成就——这种观点在大众中颇为盛行,看看公共厕所中的涂鸦就知道了:“白人权力”、“黑鬼和西班牙佬可恶”或“希特勒是个预言家”。

解析:这一长句中破折号之后的attitude 指代‖western civilization was the greatest achievement of mankind‖这一说法。 ―an attitude that flourishes on the street level as scribbles in public restrooms‖ 补充完整应为“an attitude that flourishes on the street level as scribbles flourish in public restrooms‖, 直译意思是这种观点在大众中颇为多见,就像在公共厕所中多见一样。 3.The cultural attitudes of that ? of the human spirit. (Lines.88-92)

那些早期的“受上帝青睐的人们”的文化观在美国的日常生活中继续得以宣扬;伊索知名大学的校长在给《时代周刊》写的一封信中遍地研究非洲文化的意义;一家电视网在做有关梵蒂冈艺术节目的时候,就吹捧这种艺术,说它代表“人类精神最优秀的成就”。

解析:后两句话是第一句话的例子,均为名词性结构。特别要注意最后一句: ―that promote?”是修饰 television network的定语从句,“with the boast”意为“通过鼓吹?”,作promote的方式状语。因此这句话的意思是:这家电视网通过鼓吹梵蒂冈艺术代表“人类精神最优秀的成就”而使自己的节目更加出名。

六、四级和六级真题词汇链接

1. We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to _________.

A) ascend B) descend C) decline D) plunge 2. Many people think that the standards of public __________ have declined.

A) morality B) rightness C) awareness D) mentality 3. Cotton production has been _________ the decline these years.

A) down B) on C) at D) under

4. How much of your country‘s electrical supply is _________ from water power?

A) deduced B) detached C) derived D) declined 5. There are several characteristics of the book __________ special attention.

A) worthy B) worthy of C) worth of D) worthless

6. The manager spoke highly of such _____ as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.

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