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Questions 24-26
Choose the correct letter,A,B,C,or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. 24 People in the industrialised world
A devote ten hours watching TV on average .
B spend more time on TV than other entertainment. C call themselves TV addicts D enjoy working best
25 When compared with light viewers,heavy viewer A like playing sport more than reading B feel relaxed after watching TV. C spend more time in daydreaming
D are more easily bored while wasting in line.
26 Which of the following statements is true about the family experiment? A Not all the subjects participate in the experiment for free. B There has been a complete data.
C People are prevented from other activities during the experiment. D People can not adapt to the situation until the end.
READING PASSAGE 14 文章背景：
厄尔尼诺现象和水鸟。厄尔尼诺又称厄尔尼诺海流，是太平洋赤道带大范围内海洋和大气相互作用后失去平衡而产生的一种气候现象，就是沃克环流圈东移造成的。正常情况下，热带太平洋区域的季风洋流是从美洲走向亚洲，使太平洋表面保持温暖，给印尼周围带来热带降雨。但这种模式每2—7年被打乱一次，使风向和洋流发生逆转，太平洋表层的热流就转而向东走向美洲，随之便带走了热带降雨，出现所谓的“厄尔尼诺现象‘.本文主要讲述了科学家利用水鸟的研究来研究厄尔尼诺现象，因为水鸟的生活习性，繁殖，迁徙都会和气候的变化有关系。
Questions 37-49 Summary
Complete the summary below ,using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
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EI nino and Seabirds
A Rhythm of the seasons cannot always be relied upon. At times the tropical Pacific Ocean and large expanses of the global atmosphere seem to be marching to the beat of a different drummer, disrupting the normal patterns of countless species of plants and animals along with hundreds of millions of human beings. So that they may anticipate these occasional lapses in the march of the seasons and help societies plan accordingly, scientists are seeking to understand these competing rhythms: the strongest of which is the alternation between the \climatic conditions in the Pacific region called El Ni?o.
B Seabirds are prominent and highly visible components of marine ecosystems that will be affected by global climate change. The Bering Sea region is particularly important to seabirds; populations there are larger and more diverse than in any similar region in North America—over 90% of seabirds breeding in the continental United States are found in this region. Seabirds, so named because they spend at least 80% of their lives at sea, are dependent upon marine resources for food. As prey availability changes in response to climatically driven factors such as surface sea temperature and extent of sea ice, so will populations of seabirds be affected.
C Seabirds are valued as indicators of healthy marine ecosystems and provide a ―vicarious use value‖ or existence value—people appreciate and value seabirds simply because they are there and enjoy them through venues such as pictures, nature programs, and written accounts without ever directly observing seabirds in their native environment. A direct measure of this value is demonstrated by Federal legislation that established specific national wildlife refuges to protect seabirds and international treaty obligations that provide additional protection for seabirds. Seabirds are also an important subsistence resource for many who live within the Bering Sea region. Furthermore, the rich knowledge
base about seabirds makes them a valuable resource as indicator species for measurement of change in the marine environment.
D The most abundant breeding species in Alaska are northern fulmars, storm-petrels, kittiwakes, murres, auklets and puffins. These species also form the largest colonies. Fulmars, storm-petrels and kittiwakes are surface feeders, picking their prey from the surface or just below the surface; murres, auklets, and puffins dive for their food. Fulmars nest primarily on island groups in and around the Bering Sea. They take a wide variety of prey (e.g., fish, squid, zooplankton, jellyfish) from the surface or just below the surface. Storm-petrels are strictly nocturnal and
nest below ground in either burrows or crevices between rocks.They forage on zooplankton and squid; in some areas they are dependent upon small fish such as capelin and sand lance caught at the surface.Black-legged kittiwakes are widespread throughout Alaska, Canada and Eurasia while red-legged kittiwakes are found only in the
Bering Sea region. Both are surface feeders although black-legged kittiwakes feed primarily on small fish and forage over the continental shelf and shelf break.
E Marine mammals have exhibited similar signs of food stress in recent years.Harbor seals at Tugidak Island in the Gulf of Alaska declined by about 85% between 1976
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and 1988.Steller sea lion populations declined by 36% in the Gulf of Alaska between 1977 and 1985,and by another 59% between 1985 and 1990.Northern fur seals declined about 35% by 1986 from their average numbers in the 1970s, although numbers had rebounded somewhat (20%) by 1990 . Associated with the declines in Steller sea lions are declines in birth rate, fewer breeding females, fewer pups, decreased adult body condition, decreased juvenile survival, and a change in population age structure.
F Walker noticed that monsoon seasons with low-index conditions are often marked by drought in Australia, Indonesia, India, and parts of Africa. He also claimed that low-index winters tend to be unusually mild in western Canada. One of his British colleagues chided him in print for suggesting that climatic conditions over such widely separated regions of the globe could be linked. In his reply Walker predicted, correctly, that an explanation would be forthcoming, but that it would require a knowledge of wind patterns above ground level, which were not routinely being observed at that time.
G The need for long-term series It seems obvious that without baseline data ornithologists are doomed to be surprised by the arrival of El Ni?o every few years.Even when ornithologists and ecologists are at hand to take advantage of an incoming El Ni?o ,lack of preexisting data,and of monitoring afterwards,makes it difficult 134 F.M .&J.M. Farina,and the normal years .Indeed ,according to Jakic, during the last century there were 12 El Ni?o years and 12 La Nina years,thus leaving about 76'normal'years in between.Thus,by heavily concentrating attention no only12% of the time of span El Ni?o ,and of neglecting possibly another 76% of the time。This situation maybe reminded only as long as data are logged on a regular or continuous basis,that is,as long-term time series.The recipe prescribed by Schreiber & Schreiber to understand El Ni?o effects on birds still stands:'....carry out long-term studies that will shed further light on the interactions between global atmospheric cycles,,ocean ographic phenomena,and avian populations.
H Populations of seabirds in Alaska are larger and more diverse than any similar region in the Northern Hemisphere. The extensive coastal estuaries and offshore waters of Alaska provide breeding, feeding and migrating habitats for 66 species of seabirds. At least 38 species of seabirds, over 50 million individuals, breed in Alaska. Eight Alaskan species breed only here and in adjacent Siberia. Five additional species range through the North Pacific, but their populations are concentrated in Alaska. In addition to breeding grounds, Alaskan waters also provide important wintering habitat for birds that breed in Canada and Eurasia. Shearwaters, which breed in the southern hemisphere, are the most
numerous species in Alaskan waters during the summer.
I As another indication that food has been limiting in recent years, several large-scale die-offs of seabirds, mostly surface-feeding species, have been observed in the Gulf of Alaska during the last decade, most notably in 1983, 1989, and 1993 .But Hatch
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thinks that it is too early to decide the these die-offs reports are somehow connected with the effect of El Ni?o.
Byrd and Tobish believe that high rainfall can affect survival of chicks in earthen burrows,and incidence of big storms with high winds during the chick-rearing period can cause morality for chicks of species nesting on cliff-;edges,but this view has not been considered as convincing evidence.
Questions14-17
Choose the correct answers in boxes 14-17mon your answer sheet.
14 Why do scientists want to investigate EI Nino phenomenon at the beginning of the paragraph?
A To learn the patterns of creatures that live in marine environment.
B Assist us to map out because it disturbs normal circle of for wildlife and human. C It has propound theory for both the academic side and practical side. D Tropical Pacific Ocean is where EI Nino affects most.
15 Why do scientists use seabirds as important subjects when observe climate change World-widely?
A Seabirds affected by prey changes according to the temperature and ice. B Its size is large enough to be observed.
C Ei Nino affects seabirds more than other sea creatures.
D North America is situated in the area where NI affects most.
16 What happened for Marine Mammals that live in Tugidak Island in Gulf of Alaska?
A Number of seals declined about 85% from the mid of 20th century. B Number of Steller sea lion declined while Number seals grew. C Birth rate and breeding females declined on the Tugidak Island.
D The situation of mammals on the island is not that worse than we expected.
17 According to J.Walker ,what happens in the monsoon seasons notably? A Flood and drought are seriously damage almost everywhere of the planet. B Walker's prediction would soon come true. C Drought only affect some parts of Africa.
D Drought will affect somewhere of the earth such as Australia and Indonesia.
Questions 18-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? True If the statement is true False If the statement is false 18 Seabirds are regarded as precious indicators of changes in oeanic envirronment . Not Given If the information is not given in the passage I will persist until I succeed! 49 http://jinan.newchannel.org/
19 Seabirds such as Fulmars and Murres feed by the characteristic of prey in different ways.
20 Seller sea lions only declined in birth rate and fewer pups,but the whole population wouldn't be affected by changes.
21 With reply of Walker's colleague ,knowledge of wind patterns will be very helpful. 22 It is difficult to investigate EI Nino for ornithologist and ecologist because lack of available statistics and inspections.
23 Habit of seabirds in Alaska is similar to those in the Northern Hemisphere.
24 Number of Shearwaters in the southern hemisphere feed most during the summer. 25 Hatch thinks that it is too early to determine all the problems that are caused by EI Nino.
26 Byrd and Tobish think that heavy rainfall and storms cause mortality for chicks ，which has already been a convincing proof.
READING PASSAGE 15
文章背景：
英国有一种草叫做interrupted brome. 1972年被宣布从此绝迹。但是神奇的是它并未从此消失，它的复苏不是因为强大的基因技术，而是因为一位叫做Philip Smith的植物学家，一位名副其实的“绿手指”（greenfinger）,保留了2株成活的标本。接下来植物学家们打算在英国复苏这种草，但是进行起来却并非易事。因为它既不美观也不实用是一种名副其实的野草，并且其生物特征也决定了其考自身的力量繁殖下去也不可行，文章还探讨了这种草的来源等问题。
The “Extinct” Grass in Britain
A It‘s Britain‘s dodo. Called interrupted brome because of its gappy seed-head, this unprepossessing grass was found nowhere else in the world. Sharp-eyed Victorian botanists were the first to notice it, and by the 1920s the odd-looking grass had been found across much of southern England. Yet its decline was just as dramatic. By1972 it had vanished from its last toehold-two hay fields at Pampisford, near Cambridge. Even the seeds stored at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden as an insurance policy were dead, having been mistakenly kept at room temperature. Botanists mourned: a unique living entity was gone forever.
B Yet reports of its demise proved premature. Interrupted brome has come back from dead, and not through any fancy genetic engineering. Thanks to one green-fingered botanist, interrupted brome is alive and well living as a pot plant. Britain‘s dodo is about to become a phoenix, as conservationists set about relaunching its career in the wild.
C AT FIRST, Philip Smith as unaware that the scrawny pots of grass on his bench were at that remained of a uniquely British species. But when news of the ―extinction‖ of Bromus interruptus finally reached him, he decided to astonish his colleagues. He seized his opportunity at a meeting of the botanical Society of the
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