http://jinan.newchannel.org/
D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.
40. What‘s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?
A It empowers the public. B It promotes public relations.
C It warns people of animal infestation.
D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page. 文章背景：
交流的方式与冲突。从古希腊时期开始，一位叫做hippocrate 的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更好的处理人与人的冲突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要阐述了四种性格类型：sanguine类型的人活泼积极向上。Phlegmatic是冷静而具有分析性的性格，melancholic类型的人体贴而具有同情心。Choleric类型的人大胆而且直接。在workplace, 一个团队需要四种性格的人都有才能保证正常的运转。
Communicating Styles and Conflict
Knowing your communication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict. Section A
As far back as Hippocrates‘ time (460-370 B.C) people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen (130-200 A.D). These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.
Section B
The value in self-assessments that help determine personality style, learning styles, communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.
The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren‘t trying to be difficult, but they need different or more information than you do. They‘re not intending to be rude; they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do, but it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect.
When used appropriately, understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are
I will persist until I succeed!
6
http://jinan.newchannel.org/
issues of style, information needs, or focus.
Section C
Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today‘s world, they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:
Section D
The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication an often speak quickly, putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their enthusiasm they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.
Section E
The phlegmatic person-cool and persevering-translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly, methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.
Section F
The melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people-sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone‘s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs for others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider the
I will persist until I succeed!
7
http://jinan.newchannel.org/
changes in order to adapt to them.
Section G
The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication-the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don‘t do detail work easily and as a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone challenging them, but most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the more the better.
Section H
A well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for success.
We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand – whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.
The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home.
The good news about communication styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said, ―Whether you think you can or you can‘t, you‘re right!‖
Questions 27-34
Reading passage 3 has eight sections A-H.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
I will persist until I succeed!
8
http://jinan.newchannel.org/ List of headings i Summarizing personality types ii Combined styles for workplace iii Physical explanation iv A lively person who encourages v Demanding and unsympathetic personality vi Lazy and careless personality vii The benefits of understanding communication styles viii Cautious and caring ix Factual and analytical personality x Self-assessment determines one‘s temperament 27 Section A 28 Section B 29 Section C 30 Section D 31 Section E 32 Section F 33 Section G 34 Section H
Questions 35-39
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3？In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 35 It is believed that sanguine people dislike variety.
36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.
37 Managers often select their best employees according to personality types. 38 It is possible to change one‘s personality type.
39 Workplace environment can affect which communication style is most effective.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet. The writer believes using self-assessment tools can A help to develop one‘s personality.
B help to understand colleagues‘ behavior.
C improve one‘s relationship with the employer. D directly resolve conflicts.
I will persist until I succeed!
9
http://jinan.newchannel.org/
READING PASSAGE 3 文章背景：
野生动物存在一种先天性的本领那就是生病后其本能可以让其借助某些物质 到治病的效果。例如某些鸟类例如Macaws会吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素。 更有趣的是，某位科学家观察到大猩猩总是会吃某种树叶，吃的时候表情痛 说明并非好吃，后来该科学家发现大猩猩吃树叶是为了利用其自身不能消化 树叶排出肠道的parasite(寄生虫)。 这一点表明动物先天是有自我医治的本能的.
Health in the Wild
Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them.
For the past decade Dr Engel, a lecture in environmental sciences at Britain‘s Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behavior in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.
One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps(nor people, for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose).Given that the plant is known locally as ―goat-killer‖, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb.
Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt- a behavior known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth.
The current belief is that soil-and particularly the clay in it-helps to detoxify the defensive posions that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the
I will persist until I succeed!
10