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breath well enough to produce the sound of laughter. Without that control there would also be no speech — and no jokes to endure.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following research findings (Questions 1-6) and the list of people below. Match each finding with the correct person, A,B,C or D.
Write the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 Babies and some animals produce laughter which sounds similar. 2 Primates are not the only animals who produce laughter.
3 Laughter can be used to show that we feel safe and secure with others. 4 Most human laughter is not a response to a humorous situation. 5 Animal laughter evolved before human laughter. 6 Laughter is a social activity.
Questions 7-10
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
Some scientists believe that laughter first developed out of 7 . Research has revealed that human and chip laughter may have the same 8 . Scientists have long been aware that 9 laugh, but it now appears that laughter might be
List of People A Provine B Zimmerman C Panksepp D Flamson I will persist until I succeed!
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more widespread than once thought. Although the reasons why humans started to laugh are still unknown, it seems that laughter may result from the 10 we feel with another person.
Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage1?
In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is on information on this
11 Both men and women laugh more when they are with members of the same sex. 12 Primates lack sufficient breath control to be able to produce laughs the way humans do.
13 Chimpanzees produce laughter in a wider range of situations than rats do.
READING PASSAGE 10 文章背景：
雨水收集。斯里兰卡有一个地方每年雨季变化很大所以当地饱受干旱（drought）的折磨。因为用水困难所以妇女和孩子需要花3个小时到别处取水。于是当地村民与政府合作发明了一种新式水箱（tank）和水槽（gutter）相结合的以雨水为主要水源的灌溉和取水系统。后来一位叫做Muthukandiya的村民进一步改进了该装置，将该装置改为了可以有村民自己控制的取水装置。。每一个设备造价为195美金。很快该村就都安装了这种装置。很多人从众受益匪浅。
A combat B chirps C pitch D origins E play F rats G primates H confidence I fear J babies K tickling I will persist until I succeed!
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Rainwater Harvesting
For two years southern Sri Lanka suffered a prolonged drought, described by locals as \crop for four or five consecutive seasons. Livestock died, water in wells dropped to dangerously low levels,children were increasingly malnourished and school attendance has fallen. An estimated 1.6 million people were affected.
A Muthukandiya is a village in Moneragala district, one of the drought-stricken
areas in the \zone\of southern Sri Lanka (斯里兰卡), where half the country's population of 18 million lives. Rainfall in the area varies greatly from year to year, often bringing extreme dry spells in between monsoons (季风). But this drought was much worse than usual. Despite some rain in November, only half of Moneragala's 1,400 tube wells in working order by March. The drought devastated supplies of rice and freshwater fish, the staple diet of inland villages. Many local industries closed down and villagers headed for the towns in search of work.
B The villagers of Muthukandiya arrived in the 1970s as part of a government
resettlement scheme. Each family was given six acres of land, with no irrigation system. Because crop production, which relies entirely on rainfall, is insufficient to support most families, the village economy relies on men and women working as day-labourers in nearby sugar-cane plantations. Three wells have been dug to provide domestic water, but these run dry for much of the year. Women and children may spend several hours each day walking up to three miles (five kilometres) to fetch water for drinking, washing and cooking.
C In 1998, communities in the district discussed water problems with Practical
Action South Asia. What followed was a drought mitigation initiative based on a low-cost \harvesting\technology already used in Sri Lanka and elsewhere in the region. It uses tanks to collect and store rain channelled by gutters(水槽) and pipes as it runs off the roofs of houses.
D Despite an indigenous tradition of rain-water harvesting and irrigation systems
going back to the third century BC, policy-makers in modern times have often overlooked the value of such technologies, and it is only recently that officials have taken much interest in household-level structures. Government and other programmes have, however, been top-down in their conception and application, installing tanks free of charge without providing training in the skills needed to build and maintain them properly. Practical Action South Asia's project deliberately took a different approach, aiming to build up a local skills base among builders and users of the tanks, and to create structures and systems so that communities can manage their own rainwater harvesting schemes.
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E The community of Muthukandiya was involved throughout. Two meetings were
held where villagers analysed their water problems, developed a mitigation plan and selected the rainwater harvesting technology. Two local masons received several days' on-the-job training in building the 5,000 litre household storage tanks: surface tanks out of ferro-cement (钢丝网水泥) and underground tanks out of brick. Each system, including tank, pipes, gutters and filters, cost US$195 - equivalent to a month's income for an average village family. Just over half the cost was provided by the community, in the form of materials and unskilled labour. Practical Action South Asia contributed the rest, including cement, transport and payment for the skilled labour. Households learned how to use and maintain the tanks, and the whole community was trained to keep domestic water supplies clean. A village rainwater harvesting society was set up to run the project. To date, 37 families in and around Muthukandiya have storage tanks. Evaluations show clearly that households with rainwater storage tanks have considerably more water for domestic needs than households relying entirely on wells and ponds. During the driest months, households relying entirely on wells and ponds. During the driest months, households with tanks may have up to twice as much water available. Their water is much cleaner, too.
F Nandawathie, a widow in the village, has taken full advantage of the
opportunities that rainwater harvesting has brought her family. With a better water supply now close at hand, she began by growing a few vegetables. The income from selling these helped her to open a small shop on her doorstep. This increased her earnings still further, enabling her to apply for a loan to install solar power in her house. She is now thinking of building another tank in her garden so that she can grow more vegetables. Nandawathie also feels safer now that she no longer has to fetch water from the village well in the early morning or late evening. She says that her children no longer complain so much of diarrhoea(腹泻). And her daughter Sandamalee has more time for school work.
G In the short term, and on a small scale, the project has clearly been a success. The
challenge lies in making such initiatives sustainable, and expending their coverage. At a purely technical level, rainwater harvesting is evidently sustainable. In Muthukandiya, the skills required to build and maintain storage tanks were taught fairly easily, and can be shared by the two trained masons, who are now finding work with other development agencies in the district.
H The non-structural elements of the work, especially its financial and
organizational sustainability, present a bigger challenge. A revolving fund was set up, with households that had already benefited agreeing to contribute a small monthly amount to pay for maintenance, repairs and new tanks. However, it appears that the revolving fund concept was not fully understood and it has proved difficult to get households to contribute. Recovering costs from interventions that do not generate income directly will always be a difficult
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proposition, although this can be overcome if the process is explained more fully at the outset. I
The Muthukandiya initiative was planned as a demonstration project, to show that community-based drought mitigation through rainwater harvesting was feasible. Several other organizations have begun their own projects using the same approach. The feasibility of introducing larger tanks is being investigated.
J However, a lot of effort and patience are needed to generate the interest, develop
the skills and organize the management structures needed to implement sustainable community-based projects. It will probably be some time before rainwater harvesting technologies can spread rapidly and spontaneously across the district's villages, without external support.
Questions 1-6
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
1 What is the major way for local people make barely a support of living in
Muthukandiya village.
2 Where can adult workers make extra money from in daytime?
3 What have been dug to supply water for daily household life?
4 In which year did the plan of a new project to lessen the effect of drought begin?
5 Where do the gutters and pipes collect rainwater from?
6 What help family obtain more water for domestic needs than those relying on
only wells and ponds?
Questions 7-14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-14 on your answer sheet, white YES if the statement is true NO if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
I will persist until I succeed!
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