that had ruled Egypt for centuries. When he died in 1322 B.C., Tut (as Tutankhamun is often known today) was placed in a luxurious, gold-filled tomb. There he lay forgotten until the tomb's eventual discovery in 1922. Although we now know a lot about his life, the reason for Tutankhamun's death at such a young age has remained a mystery, with murder the most extreme possibility. Now, improved X-ray technology is offering new clues into King Tut's death. Discovered and Damaged
The British archeologist Howard Carter opened Tut's tomb in 1922. Although it had been robbed in ancient times, it was still full of gold and other amazing items. Carter spent months carefully recording the treasures. When he and his team then attempted to remove King Tut's mummy, they found that it had become attached to its solid gold coffin. Unfortunately, they did a great deal of damage to the mummy while removing it. Theories About Tut's Death
In 1968, archeologists conducted an examination of the mummy using simple x-ray technology. Three important discoveries led to various theories about his death. The X-rays showed that bones in King Tut's chest were missing. Carter hadn't done that damage. Tut was a trained fighter and hunter, so some people have guessed that it was caused by a war injury or a hunting accident. There appeared to be pieces of bone inside the skull, causing many to believe that King Tut was killed by a blow from behind to the head. Was he murdered by people wanting to take control of Egypt? A serious fracture discovered above Tut's left knee could have been the result of an accident or attack. Infection might have started there and killed the boy king. A Closer Look at the Mummy
In recent years, scientists, under the direction of Zahi Hawass, head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, have applied a new and more effective X-ray technology to mummies throughout Egypt. In the images, each bone appears in perfect detail.
So, was King Tut's death murder or accident, infection or war injury? Doctors who analyzed the X-ray images say that the skull was mainly undamaged, excluding the possibility of a blow to the head. However, while modern technology has been able to rule out one theory, the actual cause of death remains unknown. It seems there are secrets that even the latest technology cannot yet find the answers to. A. Multiple Choice. Question 1. How does the passage answer the question, \King Tut murdered?\ Question 2. Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a reason for King Tut's death? Question 3. How was the mummy of King Tut damaged? Question 4. What was the problem with King Tut's chest? Question 5. Why does the actual cause of King Tut's death remain unknown? Script
The pharaohs of ancient Egypt lived very luxurious lives, and it seems that they wanted to take their treasure into the next life, too, because their tombs were filled with beautiful items of gold. In the ancient Egyptians' complex theory of life after death, their body had to last a very long time. This is the reason for mummies. In the mummification process the liquid was removed from the body, which was then treated with oil and spices, and covered in cloth to exclude any water --
mummies must be kept dry to last. Thanks to tests conducted by researchers, we have been able to learn a lot about the pharaohs -- how they looked, whether they had any injuries, and more!
3B A Body in the Mountains Answer Key
Before You Listen
A. 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c
B. Answers will vary, but ask students to provide reasons for their choice to show that they have properly considered the questions. Listening Comprehension A. 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. c B. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F After You Listen
A. 1. have cruelly pulled out part of the arrow and left him to die 2. wealth meant fine tools, clothing, houses, and animals 3. because his body is in good condition and doesn't show the damage caused by a life of hard work 4. the tiny arrowhead, only two centimeters across, found under his shoulder 5. the truth about his death remains debatable B. 1. beneath 2. deduce 3. frozen 4. implies 5. enables
C. 2. a) Answers should be based on the information from the listening passage. b) Answers will vary, but should be based on the students' knowledge. Script
Who Killed the Iceman?
In 1991, high in the mountains of Europe, hikers made a gruesome discovery: a dead man partly frozen in the ice. However, the police investigation soon became a scientific one. Carbon dating indicated that the man died over 5,300 years ago. Today he is known as the Iceman and has been nicknamed \is the oldest complete human body on earth. Who Was the Iceman?
Scientists think he was an important person in his society. An examination of his teeth and skull tells us that he was not a young man. His arms were not the arms of a laborer. His dagger was made of stone, but he carried a copper ax. This implies wealth, and he was probably from the upper classes. We know he could make fire, as a fire-starting kit was discovered with him. Even the food he had eaten enabled scientists to deduce exactly where in Italy he lived. Clues to an Ancient Murder
But why did the Iceman die in such a high and icy place? There have been many theories. Some said he was a lost shepherd. Others thought he was killed in a religious ceremony. Over the years since he was found, tiny scientific discoveries have led to great changes in our understanding of the story of the Iceman. The newest scientific information indicates that he was cruelly murdered. \five years ago, the story was that he fled up there and walked around in the snow and probably died of exposure,\\
In June 2001, an X-ray examination of the body showed a small dark shape beneath the Iceman's
left shoulder. It was the stone head of an arrow. It had caused a deadly injury that probably killed him very quickly. In 2003, an Australian scientist discovered the blood of four different people on the clothes of the Iceman. Did a bloody fight take place before his murder? Injuries on his hand and head indicate that this may be true. One theory, put forward by archeologist Walter Leitner, says that the Iceman's murder was the end of a fight for power among his people. However, this idea is certainly debatable.
Today, the research continues, proving some theories false while opening the door to others. Through scientific research, this oldest member of our human family continues to tell us about his life and the time in which he lived. A. Multiple Choice. Question 1. What is this passage mainly about? Question 2. Why do scientists believe the Iceman was not a young man? Question 3. What probably caused the death of the Iceman? Question 4. Which of the following ideas is described as \ Question 5. Why do scientists continue to carry out research on the Iceman? Script
1. After shooting the Iceman, his murderer may have cruelly pulled out part of the arrow and left him to die.
2. The Iceman lived before the invention of money; in his time wealth meant fine tools, clothing, houses, and animals.
3. Scientists believe that Otzi was not a laborer because his body is in good condition and doesn't show the damage caused by a life of hard work.
4. Many scientists now believe that the cause of Otzi's death was the tiny arrowhead, only two centimeters across, found under his shoulder.
5. Although there are many interesting ideas about how the Iceman died, the truth about his death remains debatable.
Viewing
Inca Mummy Answer Key Before You View A. 1. T 2. T 3. F (South America).
B. b. She was sacrificed to the mountain god. Viewing Comprehension A. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T
B. Answers will vary. 1. Scientists had to separate the outer layers of clothing, which had become attached over the years 2. was sent to Johns Hopkins University in the U.S., where a team of scientists looked for clues about her death 3. modern technology to deduce that a powerful blow to the side of her head had broken her skull 4. it was this injury that ended the young girl's life
C. 1. She was found by an archeologist and was named after him. 2. The Inca made offerings such as young girls. 3. They didn't respect the mountain gods.
4. Several bodies were found. 5. The ground was frozen. 6. A powerful blow to the side of her head broke her skull. After You View
A. 1. preserve 2. attached 3. analysis 4. deduced 5. sacrifice 6. worship B. 1. Refer to Listening Script. 2. Answers may vary, but must be based on the fact or facts. Script
Inca Mummy Narrator:
This girl is Quechuan, one of the native people of the Andes believed to be direct descendants of the Inca people. Clues to where she came from may lie with one of her ancient ancestors. This body of a young Inca girl was discovered in 1995 by archeologist Johan Reinhard. She was found on an Andean mountain called Ampato. Some parts of her body were mummified, preserved in ice. They named the girl after Johan, calling her \
\we climbed the peak and found the mummy ... then we knew we were really onto something. That they had not just worshipped it from afar, but they had actually climbed to the summit and made these sacrificial offerings.\
Reinhard and his team walked high into the Andes, the mountain range that runs from the north of Peru to the south, dividing the country in half. For the Inca people, these were more than just challenging places to climb -- the mountains were thought to be gods. According to Reinhard, the Inca believed that if they made offerings -- in this case, young girls -- the mountains would treat them well. If they didn't respect the mountain gods, the people would have great problems. After their success in finding the Inca girl, Reinhard's team went back to conduct a second exploration. Their findings this time were equally important.
On the ground lay six stone circles -- patterns of rock used by the Inca long ago to show the location of burial sites. After carefully digging beneath one of these circles, the body of another child was found. And not too far away, yet another body. The discovery of more bodies implies that many people were sacrificed here. Johan Reinhard:
\particularly unique.\
It wasn't easy to free the bodies or the objects that they found in the ground. The ground was frozen, and the team had to use their fingers to slowly take out the ancient pots. While the archeologists conducted their investigation, the body of the original ice maiden, Juanita, was carefully analyzed in the Peruvian town of Arequipa. She was found covered in cloth. Scientists had to separate the outer layers of clothing, which had become attached over the years.
A few months after she was discovered, Juanita was sent to Johns Hopkins University in the U.S., where a team of scientists looked for clues about her death. They used modern technology to deduce that a powerful blow to the side of her head had broken her skull. According to their theory, it was this injury that ended the young girl's life.
Like all mummified bodies found in the Andes, Juanita enables us to understand more about the ancient Inca people who once lived in these mountains. Juanita could be evidence of a
connection with the people, like this little Quechuan girl, who live here now.
Writing Answer Key
A. Refer to summaries of each lesson in this unit.
B. Whether it be Egyptian King Tut discovered in 1933 or the Iceman found in the Alps, scientists have used modern technology to explore the causes of their death. From my perspective, it is necessary to spend money exploring the past, for a basic understanding of our history lets us know where we came from or how civilizations have evolved and interacted. We can have an insight into the measures ancient people took when they faced real challenges or had uncertainty about the future. History can be an important vehicle that influences how we handle critical issues today.
Review 1 Answer Key
A. Definition: Refer to the listening script. Match:
Across: 1. complex 3. infect 5. variety 7. imply 8. civilization 11. remarkable 13. tiny 14. domestic 15. harm 16. wealth 17. analyze 18. import
Down: 1. contrast 2. exclude 4. talent 6. evidence 8. ceremony 9. interact 10. beneath 12. assume B. Refer to the above answers. Script
Definitions Across
1. having many different parts; difficult to understand 3. to cause something to have a disease or illness 5. a number of different kinds of something 7. to say something indirectly
8. a human society with its own culture 11. very unusual or amazing 13. very small
14. related to home and family 15. to hurt or damage 16. money and riches 17. to study carefully 18. to bring into a country Down
1. to show the differences
2. to prevent from being part of something 4. a natural ability to do something well
6. facts that lead you to believe something is true 8. an event such as marriage or graduation