? Where would you find glaciers today? For More Information:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3747724.stm and http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/ Script Water
Earth is a watery planet. More than 70 percent of its surface is covered by salt water. This huge body of water includes Earth's four main oceans -- the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian Oceans -- as well as smaller features such as seas, gulfs (large areas of sea that extend a long way into surrounding land), and narrow water passages known as channels.
The ocean is always in motion. The spin of the Earth, together with wind and the amount of salt in the water, generates a system of currents, at the surface and deep in the ocean, called the circulation system. These currents constantly redistribute warm and cold water around the planet, influencing climate patterns and protecting Earth from extreme climate changes.
For humans and all other life on Earth, water is as important as air. But one in six people in the world do not have access to clean water. It is estimated that 9,000 people -- mainly children -- die every day from water-carried disease. Ocean Circulation
Warm surface water in the tropics (the areas just north and south of the equator) moves north and south, toward the poles. As it cools, it sinks and flows back to the equator. There, the water rises again, completing the cycle. Fresh Water
About two thirds of our planet is covered by water, but fresh water -- needed for human survival, farming, and the environment -- makes up only 2.5 percent of the Earth's total water. And of that amount, the majority is distributed as frozen glaciers or distributed underground as groundwater. Overall, less than 0.1 percent of the world's water is both fresh and accessible (readily available) for humans. As a result of environmental pollution and the demands of a growing population, water conservation is becoming an increasingly important issue in many parts of the world. Water Cycle
As the sun warms the Earth, water rises in the form of vapor (tiny drops of water in the air) from lakes, rivers, oceans, and other sources. This process is called evaporation. The vapor goes upward into the atmosphere, where it cools to form the moisture of clouds. This process is called condensation. It later falls back to earth as precipitation (rain or snow), refilling lakes, rivers, oceans, and underground water sources. The process, known as the water cycle, repeats endlessly, recycling water that is billions of years old.
Part Four Vocabulary Building Answer Key
A. 1. gulf 2. glacier 3. current 4. channel 5. poles 6. tropics 7. clouds
B. Table: 2. combination; 3. condense; 4. conservation; 5. distribute;6. evaporation; 7. generate; 8. location; 9. pollute; 10. precipitation; 11. preserve; 12. rotation
Reading passage: evaporates, condenses, Precipitation, circulation, distribution, pollution, Conservation/preservation, generations
Note: conservation -- saving and protecting the environment -- and preservation -- keeping the situation as it is -- have very similar meanings. Either can be used in the reading passage.
Unit 7 Sweet Scents Warming Up Answer Key
A. 1. Answers will vary. Flowers have different names in each language, but also scientific botanical names in Latin. 2. Answers will vary. Scent is the pleasant smell of a flower. 3. People use flowers for decoration inside and outside their homes, for religious ceremonies, and for producing perfumes and medicines.
Listening
7A The Business of Flowers Answer Key
Before You Listen
A. Students answer yes or no to complete the survey. Answers will vary, but discussions about their answers should show that students have properly considered the questions. B. b. the international business of cut flowers Listening Comprehension A. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b
B. Netherlands: b and c Ecuador: a and d Both: e After You Listen
A. 1. This helps to prevent their drying out 2. put their stems in a special liquid to lengthen their vase life 3. to be exported to the United States 4. a center for the flower trade with the United States 5. handle big orders from florists 6. to be purchased by individual customers B. 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a C. 1. Answers will vary. 2. a. Tell students they may answer the question based on their understanding of the listening passage. b. Answers will vary, but they should be based on students' own experiences. Script
The Flower Trade
When you purchase cut flowers from your local florist, do you think about where they came from? Common sense might tell you that they were grown close by, because cut flowers can't survive a very long trip. The reality, though, is that your cut flowers might come from places like the Netherlands, Ecuador, or Kenya! The Cut Flower Leader
Flowers can now travel long distances thanks to air freight and high-tech cooling systems. Even the most delicate orchid can be shipped to arrive fresh in most places on Earth. This allows Americans, for example, to import some 70 percent of the cut flowers they buy.
The country that exports the most cut flowers is the Netherlands, which dominates the world cut flower trade. There, seven auction houses handle about 60 percent of the world's cut flower exports. Some auction houses are very large indeed -- Aalsmeer, near Amsterdam, is an auction house in the sense that Tokyo is a city or Everest a mountain. Its scale is daunting. About 120 soccer fields would fill its main hangar, which holds five auction halls. Nineteen million cut flowers are sold here on an average day.
The Netherlands is also a world leader in developing new flower varieties. Dutch companies and the government invest a considerable amount of money in flower research. Their scientists try to find ways to lengthen a flower's vase life. They also try to strengthen flowers to prevent them from being damaged while traveling on rough roads and to strengthen flowers' natural fragrance. The Benefits of Climate
Despite Holland's dominance of the flower market, there are many places with a better climate for growing flowers, and the climate of Ecuador is almost perfect. Mauricio D鄓alos is the man responsible for starting Ecuador's flower industry some 20 years ago. \biggest edge is nature,\hours of sunlight each day, Ecuador's roses are renowned for their large heads and long stems. The flower industry has brought employment opportunities and a stronger economy to regions of the country. \family has TV now. There are radios. Some people have remodeled their houses,\
In recent years, local growers in Ecuador have faced growing competition from greenhouses built by major international companies. Despite this, D鄓alos feels that the world cut flower trade is large enough to allow both high-tech international companies and smaller national growers to succeed -- at least for the time being. But not all local growers are as optimistic. Lina Hale is an independent rose grower in the United States whose business is now under constant threat from cheaper imports from large companies. In the 1980s, her father predicted the situation would get worse: \see a freight train coming down the track,\he warned her, \it's coming straight towards us.\ Multiple Choice. Question 1. What is this passage mainly about? Question 2. Which of the following are mentioned as large investors in flower research? Question 3. What are researchers NOT mentioned as working on? Question 4. According to the passage, what advantage does Ecuador have that makes their roses \ Question 5. What did Lina Hale's father mean when he said \down the track\Script
From Colombia to the U.S.A.
How a rose travels from mountain to vase in just three days. Tuesday, 7 a.m. Roses are cut in the early morning, when the cool mountain air is cool. This helps to prevent their drying out. Tuesday, 1 p.m. Workers arrange the roses and put their stems in a special liquid to lengthen their vase life.
Wednesday, 6 a.m. The roses are put in boxes and trucked to Bogot?Airport to be exported to the United States.
Wednesday, 8 p.m. The roses are imported to the city of Miami, a center for the flower trade
with the United States.
Thursday, 4 p.m. The roses arrive at central markets in cities which handle big orders from florists.
Friday, 12 p.m. The roses are in florists' shops ready to be purchased by individual customers.
7B Marketing Perfume Answer Key
Before You Listen
A. Answers will vary, but should be supported by reasons to show that students have properly considered the questions.
B. A new perfume for men was named after him. Listening Comprehension A. 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. c B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F 11. T 12. F After You Listen
A. 1. essences derived from animals have only recently been 2. obtained by finding it floating on the ocean 3. distinct, long-lasting aroma 4. for the budget of many perfume makers 5. partly derived from plants B. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a C. 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. Script
Perfume -- A Promise in a Bottle
\be reflected in a perfume's name: Joy, Pleasures, or Beautiful, for example.
Millions of dollars are spent on the marketing of a perfume, trying to get customers to connect luxury, attraction, or attitude to a fragrance.
Even without all the marketing, fragrance has power over our thoughts and emotions. Some scientists insist that memory and smell are especially closely linked. Certain aromas have the power to call up deep memories. Perfume makers are aware of this and use aromas that can touch us deeply. The Power of Aromas
Of every ten new perfumes put on the market, perhaps only one will succeed. It's risky to try, as a company introducing a new fragrance can easily run through a budget of 20 million dollars. Profits, however, can be very high. One successful fragrance, CK One from designer Calvin Klein, made 250 million dollars in its first year.
In the perfume world, an essence is a material with its own special aroma. Some are natural, derived from flowers, plants, or wood, for example. Others are synthetic copies of rare or difficult-to-obtain essences. According to perfume authority Harry Fr閙ont, a good fragrance \a balance between naturals and synthetics. Naturals give richness and roundness; synthetics, backbone and sparkle.\
Image and Marketing
Sephora is France's leading perfume store. In a store of shining stone, metal, and glass, famous perfumes are displayed and guarded like works of art in the nearby Louvre Museum. Salespeople are dressed entirely in black, and each type of perfume is sold in a distinctly shaped bottle. In perfume sales, the emphasis is on presentation at least as much as on the product.
France's main competitor in the global perfume market is the United States, where image is all-important. The recent launch in the U.S. of one cologne for men, named after basketball star Michael Jordan, was preceded by a flood of TV commercials and talk show appearances by the player to create plenty of excitement and hype.
If you're confused about which perfume to buy, perfumer Annie Buzantian offers this advice: you really can't get an idea whether a perfume works or not until you wear it. \between a dress on the hanger and a dress on your body,\閙ont adds, \ Multiple Choice. Question 1. What is this passage mainly about? Question 2. What was the budget for Calvin Klein to introduce CK One into the market? Question 3. According to perfume authority Harry Fremont, what is good fragrance? Question 4. Why did Michael Jordan appear on TV commercials for cologne? Question 5. What is probably the main reason that Sephora's perfumes are so well guarded? Script
In the history of perfume making, essences derived from animals have only recently been replaced by man-made ones. For many years, a material known as ambergris was used in perfumes. Ambergris, which can be obtained by finding it floating on the ocean or lying on the sand on beaches, comes from inside certain whales. It has a very distinct, long-lasting aroma. Ambergris is extremely valuable and too expensive for the budget of many perfume makers. Instead, man-made essences partly derived from plants can give approximately the same aroma.
Viewing
Madagascar Perfume Answer Key Before You View
A. Answers will vary, but should be supported by reasons to show that students have properly considered the questions. Suggested answers: 1. Perhaps unusual floral scents; 2. In perfumes, foods, and medicines.
B. Refer to the video script. Answers will vary. Viewing Comprehension
A. Sample answers: 1. It's famous/renowned for its distinctive wildlife. 2. They are interested in the island's smells and tastes as well as the chance to find new essences.3. They will use technology to try to recreate the scents. 4. They may use the new essences to change existing flavors, and perhaps derive entirely new flavor. 5. Nothing. Only a few of them will be exported to markets and eventually displayed in stores.
B. Answers may vary. 1. a flower 2. flower's scent to be very appealing 3. deep into the forest; obtain new flowers and fruits 4. back to the laboratory; use technology to recreate the scents. C. 1. exports 2. obtain 3. essences 4. distinctive 5. considerable