9. to communicate or work together 10. under 12. to suppose
Part Two World Heritage Spotlight Answer Key
A. 1. The basilica, number 2; 2. Suburban baths, number 6; 3. The palaestra, number 3; 4. The wealthiest citizens.
B. 1. Pompeii 2. Italy 3. 25,000 4. Vesuvius 5. August 24 6. ash 7. indoor pools 8. theater 9. palaestra/sports 10. mid-18th
C. Answers may vary, but must be convincing to show that students have properly considered the questions.
Background Information
The Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. They are located southeast of Naples, Italy. Ash and pumice stone from the volcano covered the cities so quickly that people did not have time to flee to safety. They were caught in their everyday activities. For this reason, when the site was finally excavated by archeologists 1,700 years later, details of life were extremely well preserved. Frescoes or wall paintings tell researchers about daily life and the religious beliefs of that time.
Geologists who have analyzed the soil believe that Vesuvius erupted in 1780 B.C. In addition, there are signs that a terrible earthquake occurred in 62 A.D., only 17 years before the destruction of the cities. People must have been optimistic that a further disaster would not occur, because they had worked hard to rebuild damaged buildings. Yet, when the eruption happened in 79 A.D., the victims were caught and they died immediately.
Today, Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and scientists and historians are concerned that some of the site is being destroyed by its exposure to the air and by too much tourism. They have closed off some of Pompeii for further excavation and have tried to get tourists to visit other sites in the area such as Herculaneum instead of only Pompeii. For More Information:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/ancient/pompeii.html
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/vesuvius/eruption-interactive and http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/video Script
Buried Cities
Today it may appear calm and peaceful, but Mount Vesuvius has been responsible for some of the worst natural disasters in history. Although evidence shows that Vesuvius has erupted many times since its formation approximately 25,000 years ago, most people associate Vesuvius with the huge explosion that occurred on August 24, 79 A.D. The eruption lasted for two days and killed thousands in the ancient Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Beneath layers of the volcano's ash, the towns -- and their people -- were frozen in a moment in time.
Rediscovered in the mid-18th century, the remarkably well-preserved remains have enabled archeologists to gain a deeper understanding of Roman civilization. \digging in an area where a lot of Pompeians died during the eruption,\archeologist Gary Devore. \remind myself all the time that I can investigate in such detail this ancient Roman culture as a direct result of a great human disaster.\eruption that buried Pompeii and Herculaneum was not
Vesuvius' worst. Scientists have found evidence of a bigger, more violent eruption in 1780 B. C., which likely killed or injured thousands of people living near the base of the volcano. The timing of the next big eruption remains unknown -- although most scientists assume it is not far away.
Part Three A Global View Answer Key
A. 1. Linguists: people who study and analyze language 2. Language families: groups of similar languages 3. Native speakers: people who learned (a particular language) as a first language rather than as a foreign language 4. Dead languages: languages people no longer speak or understand
B. A language dies when it is no longer understood or spoken by people. It is a disadvantage because the world loses some of its linguistic variety. On the other hand, the information in Top Ten Languages mentions English as an international language, learned as a second or additional language by native speakers of other tongues. An advantage in a world closely connected by electronic communication and transport is that people from widely different language groups and cultures can communicate easily with each other. Background Knowledge
To prepare students for the language topic, ask some of the following questions: ? What languages do students speak?
? What families do these languages belong to?
? If students speak several languages, which language did they learn first?
? Can students speak and understand any languages without reading or writing them? ? Why do students learn English as a second language? For More Information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_families and http://www.livingtongues.org/ Script Languages
Across the globe, over 6.7 billion people speak more than 5,000 languages. Each language is distinct, shaped by the cultures and people who use it. However, linguists -- people who study and analyze language -- have found evidence that some languages that sound and look very different actually have many similar aspects.
These groups of similar languages are called language families. Linguists have deduced that the languages in each family evolved from a single original language. Over time, when speakers of these ancient tongues interacted with other cultures or migrated to other parts of the world, they spread their language across the globe. Today aspects of the original language can be found in the various languages spoken by their descendants. Indo-European
The largest language family, with approximately 500 languages and three billion speakers, includes English, German, Spanish, and Hindi, a language spoken by about one-fifth of India's population.
Originating in what is now southern Russia, this giant language family has been carried by exploration and colonization all over the world. Afro-Asiatic
The languages of ancient Babylon and Egypt belonged to this family, which includes 375 languages spoken throughout Africa and Southwest Asia. Its largest living language is Arabic, the language of Islam, spoken by over 200 million people worldwide. Japanese/Korean
These two languages were heavily influenced by Sino-Tibetan, which has eight distinct Chinese languages. Both Japanese and Korean imported Chinese words, and modern Japanese still uses written Chinese symbols, or characters. Native American
In the Americas, most people speak dominant Indo-European languages like English, Spanish, and Portuguese. However, some native languages have survived. Quechua, the mother tongue of the Inca, still has ten million speakers, and in Paraguay, Guarani is still in daily use. Top Ten Languages
Some languages have only a few hundred speakers, but others have millions. China's official language, Mandarin, has approximately 874 million native speakers (people who learned it as a first language rather than as a foreign language). Spanish, English, and Portuguese are also widely spoken -- largely as a result of large overseas empires built by the European nations. English is now widely used in fields such as science and international business. The total number of English speakers in the world (including non-native speakers) is debatable; estimates range from 500 million to more than a billion. Language Death
There are many dying or dead languages -- languages that people no longer speak or understand. Linguists estimate that 10,000 languages once existed, but fewer than 5,000 are understood or spoken today. And while Earth's population is growing, the number of living languages is declining at an alarming rate.
Part Four Vocabulary Building Answer Key
A. 1. characters 2. Linguists 3. language family 4. official language 5. mother tongue (or native/first language) 6. native speaker 7. living language 8. dead language
B. Word Link -- Reading: reddened, dryness, brightness, quicken, lightness, saddened; Word Link -- Table: 2. sadden, sadness; 3. lighten, lightness; 4. redden, redness; 5. quicken, quickness; 6. dryness
Unit 4 Great Destinations Warming Up Answer Key
Answers will vary, but should be supported by reasons to show that students have properly considered the questions.
Listening
4A Big City Travel Answer Key
Before You Listen
A. 1. track 2. apartment 3. landmark 4. commuter 5. terminal B. 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. d Listening Comprehension A. 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b
B. 1. information booth 2. newspaper 3. tobacco smoke 4. oldest business 5. Historic Landmark After You Listen
A. 1. A feature of a building is an important part of it. 2. If transportation is convenient, it is easy to use. 3. A focal point is a location that is central and important. 4. To touch the ceiling of a room, you need to reach up. 5. If you object to something, you say that you do not like it. B. 1. located 2. threatened 3. modernizing 4. sightseers 5. economic C. 1. Answers will vary. 2. a. Answers will vary, but students must give reasons to support their answers. b. tennis courts, hidden railroad cars, a private apartment, the M-42 basement, and the hidden underground platform Script
Grand Central Terminal
Everything about Grand Central Terminal (GCT), conveniently located in the heart of Manhattan, is remarkable. On an average day, 700,000 people pass in and out of it. The information booth in the Main Concourse (the huge room that is the focal point of the building) gets as many as a thousand visitors an hour. Standing beside it, you feel that if you stood there long enough you would eventually see every person you have ever known in your life. \eight million people,\they'll meet at the information booth.\railroad companies before the growth of car and air travel. You could spend years in Grand Central before you discovered all its secrets: its tennis courts, its hidden railroad cars, its private ground-floor apartment (now a bar). Nine stories below the lowest floor that the public gets to see is a basement known as M-42. Brucker explains, \but the most secret basement in the city. During World War II, there were shoot-to-kill orders if you showed up down here.\was where the power came from to move the trains carrying soldiers. Today, one box in the basement holds a small red button, about the size of a coin. Above it is written \people late for dinner.\like the night sky, with stars shining down. Over the years, smoke blackened this beautiful ceiling. Although people thought smoke from trains was the cause, it was actually tobacco smoke! However, it has since been cleaned and now shows its original beauty.
In the name of modernization, plans were made to destroy GCT in the 1960s. However, many people objected, and finally New Yorkers decided GCT was worth saving. In 1976, the U.S. government agreed. It made GCT a National Historic Landmark recognizing its importance for all Americans and ensuring its continued protection. Once threatened with destruction, Grand Central Terminal continues to give pleasure to passengers and sightseers in Manhattan.
A. Multiple Choice. Question 1. Which statement is NOT true about Grand Central Terminal? Question 2. What was blackened by smoke? Question 3. Which of the following statements would Dan Brucker most likely agree with? Question 4. \here.\ Question 5. What is the main purpose of this article?
B. Completion. Have students complete Activity B, and then check answers as a class. The instruction to limit answers to a certain word limit is found in some standardized exams (e.g., IELTS), so check that students follow it. Script
1. A feature of a building is an important part of it. 2. If transportation is convenient, it is easy to use.
3. A focal point is a location that is central and important. 4. To touch the ceiling of a room, you need to reach up. 5. If you object to something, you say that you do not like it.
4B Postcards from India Answer Key
Before You Listen
A. Photos are numbered clockwise from top left: 1 (snake charmers), 3 (Taj Mahal) and 2 (Kailash temple); a. diverse b. impressive c. monuments d. sculptures B. a goddess
Listening Comprehension A. 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. a
B. Colonial India: a, d, and f; Independent India: b and g; Both: c and e (still famous today) After You Listen
A. 1. was established in 19132. the colonial name of Mumbai3. most are musicals4. impressive structures5. appeal to6. a cultural connection with India B. 1. supposedly 2. permitted 3. cave 4. preservation 5. policies
C. 1. India is culturally rich and diverse. Here are just a few sights in Mumbai that visitors can't miss: Five-star Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, which was established by a local businessman as a protest against a prejudiced policy; Gateway of India, with its surrounding busy park, that appeals to sightseers and lovers; the island of Elephanta, supposedly named after a huge statue of an elephant, that has amazing cave temples with well-preserved sculptures. 2. Answers will vary, but must be convincing to show that students have properly considered the questions. Script
Mumbai: City of Dreams
The vibrant city of Mumbai is a natural first stop for visitors to India's western coast. \say that Mumbai is the New York of India,\opportunities, big contrasts, and big energies ... There is always something going on.\known as Bombay, the city was renamed Mumbai (derived from the goddess Mumba) in 1995 as