Growing up Hmong in Laos and America: Two Generations of Women through My Eyes.
在老挝和美国长大的苗人：我眼中的两代女性
Pa Xiong Gonzalo
摘要：A personal narrative is presented that explores the author's experience growing up Hmong in the United States.
We, the Hmong, are a fairly new group of people in the United States. Although there are several million Hmong that live in China and other neighboring countries, nearly 200,000 Hmong refugees have resettled in this country since 1975, 40% of them residing in California. With about three decades of history in this country, there are still many issues that need to be explored. In the early 1980s, there was virtually no written literature about the Hmong and especially of our American experiences.
关键词：Hmong；Laos；America 对象：移居到美国的苗族
方法：通过个人陈述阐明苗族在美国的成长经历 视角：民族学
材料：作者的个人陈述
意义：为研究移居到美国的苗族人提供参考
Strategies for Providing Cultural Competent Health Care
For Hmong Americans 关于给苗裔美国人提供充分适应其文化的医疗保健的策略
Torry Granthoviam Cobb
摘要： In the early 198O's the United States gave the Hmong preferred refugee status and a large number immigrated to the U.S. The Hmong refugees brought with them their language, social structure and customs, religious beliefs and rituals as well as their health care beliefs and practices. They were uprooted from their community and social supports and now live where the culture, language and socioeconomics are vastly different. Despite having learned a great deal about the Hmong culture over the last three decades, providing culturally competent health care for this unique group continues to be a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to enumerate the barriers to providing health care to Hmong Americans and share strategies to respect Hmong culture when providing quality health care. Emphasis is placed on building relationships based on trust and mutual respect. Cultural exchange is encouraged as well as the need for basic cultural awareness
在二十世纪八十年代初，美国给予苗族优先的难民地位，大批涌入美国的苗族难民带来了他们的语言、风俗、社会结构、宗教信仰和仪式，还有他们的医疗保健信仰和实践。他们
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背井离乡，来到了一个文化、语言、社会经济都完全不同的地方。尽管近三十年来对苗族文化有了很深的了解，而要给苗裔美国人提供充分适应其文化的医疗保健则仍是一个很大的挑战。这篇论文的目的就是要枚举给苗裔美国人提供医疗保健所遇到的障碍，分享给其提供优质医疗保健时充分尊重其苗族文化的策略。
关键词：Hmong AmericansCulturally Competent Health CareStrategies for Providing 对象：苗裔美国人的医疗保健，
论点：尽管在近30年来对苗族文化已有了很深的了解，而要给苗裔美国人提供充分适应其文化的医疗保健则仍是一个很大的挑战。
意义：枚举给苗裔美国人提供医疗保健的障碍，分享给其提供优质医疗保健时充分尊重其苗族文化的策略。
Hmong American Adolescents' Perceptions
of Ethnic Socialization Practices
苗裔美国青少年对于民族社会交往行为的观念
MyLou Y., Lamborn, Susie D.
摘要：Guided by an ecological framework, this study explored ethnic socialization practices from the perspective of Southeast Asian American adolescents. Defined as a multidimensional construct that is conceptually distinct from racial socialization, ethnic socialization involves parents' communication to children about their ethnic heritage. The objectives were to identify different ethnic socialization practices, present how frequently they were mentioned by the sample, and provide quotes that reflect the voices of 23 Hmong American adolescents. Based on a content analysis of open-ended interview questions, ten different ethnic socialization practices were identified. The most frequently mentioned practices of ethnic socialization were participating in cultural events, sharing history, preparing traditional foods, speaking the language, and wearing traditional clothes. The adolescents also mentioned strengthening family ties, marriage preparation, religious participation, emphasizing ethnic pride, and expressing high expectations.
关键词：民族社会交往行为，东南亚移民美国的苗裔青少年 对象：23名东南亚移民美国的苗裔青少年
方法：对开放式问题访谈的内容的内容进行分析，然后得出结论。 视角：生态学
材料：对23名东南亚移民美国的苗裔青少年进行开放式问题访谈的内容
论点：民族社会交往行为不同于种族社会交往行为，前者主要是父母通过和孩子的交流来实现民族文化的继承。经由谈话材料分析，归纳出10种民族社会交往行为，其中提到频率最高的为参加民族文化活动，共同回溯历史，准备传统食物，讲本民族语言以及穿着民族服装。此外，这些青少年也提到加强家族纽带，筹备婚礼，参与宗教活动，强调民族自豪感以及父母对子女表达的较高的期望。
意义：归纳民族社会交往行为的种种表现，与种族社会交往行为区别开来。
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Hmong Food Helps Us Remember Who We Are: Perspectives of Food Culture and Health among Hmong Women with Young Children.
苗族食物帮助我们忆起自己是谁： 有小孩的苗族妇女对食物文化与健康的看法
Vue, Wa/Wolff, Cindy/ Goto, Keiko
摘要：Objective: To examine perspectives on food habits, acculturation, and health among Hmong women with young children in northern California. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 Hmong mothers with young children in a low-income community of northern California. The interviews were transcribed and coded based on the principles of grounded theory. Results: The main themes that emerged from the interviews included comparisons between American and Hmong food cultures, food culture preservation, obesity issues, diverse acculturation processes, and intergenerational food habits. Hmong food culture has been identified as the representation of their healthful lifestyle, self-identity, and social support. At the same time, mothers are facing enormous challenges in bridging 2 extreme generations; the less acculturated, immigrant adults and the highly acculturated, US-born children in their households. Conclusions and Implications: Addressing the healthful aspects of Hmong food culture and healthful options of American food should be a focus of nutrition-related programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
关键词：Causes of death; Deaths; Hmong; Mortality rates
对象：加州北部有小孩的苗族妇女在饮食习惯、文化适应和健康方面的看法 方法：对加州北部低收入群体中的15名有小孩的苗族母亲进行定性访谈。 视角：文化研究。
材料：对苗族母亲进行访谈所得的资料。
论点：苗族食物文化被认为是健康生活方式、自我认同和社会支持的代表。母亲们在两代人的衔接上遇到了很大的挑战，因为在一个家庭中，成年人是很少被同化的、移民的，孩子们却是高度同化的，在美国土生土长的。
意义：阐述苗族食物文化健康的方面，指出营养项目的焦点应该放在对美国食物的健康选择上。
Hmong Instructions to the Dead What the Mouth Organ Qeej Says
苗族对亡灵的指导 口琴在诉说着什么
Catherine Falk
摘要： During the Hmong funeral ceremony, detailed instructions for the journey to the world of the ancestors are sung and played to the soul of the deceased. The free-reed mouth
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organ, or qeej, encrypts lengthy sung poems in its seven musical notes, creating A disguised language that can only be understood by the dead. This paper presents a first and complete version of the funeral poems of the qeej, performed by Mr. Xeem Thoj, a White Hmong ritual expert and qeej player from Laos who resettled in Australia in 1991. The text is presented in White Hmong with English translation. An introduction and annotations to the translation describe the qeej’ role in the funeral, compare accounts of the Hmong funeral from different times and places, and situate the language, imagery, and metaphor used in the text within the Hmong worldview.
在苗族葬礼上，人们唱着奏着，为通往天国之路的亡灵提供着详尽的指导。自由簧片口琴，也就是qeej,以其七个音符吹奏着一首首长诗，形成了一种逝者才能听懂的语言。本文首次给我们呈现了口琴葬礼诗的一个完整版，由来自老挝的白苗仪式专家和口琴表演者Xeem Thoj演奏了这些葬诗。颂诗在白苗族中以英译本的形式存在。有一个、篇这个译本的简介和一些注释对口琴在葬礼上的作用进行了说明，比较了不同时代不同地域人们对苗族葬礼的种种描述，并且将颂诗中用到的语言、意象、隐喻融入到了苗族人的世界观中。
关键词： Hmong；Miao；funeral texts；ethnopoetry；nstrumental speech surrogacy；qeej；lusheng；khaen
Dozens Reported Killed in Hmong Protest
苗族抗议中数十人被杀（新闻）
From CNS, staff and other sources | MAY 23, 2011
新闻概要：2011年5月初，越南数十位苗族人被政府军杀害，这些人都是基督徒和泛灵论者，他们所在的苗族社区位于越南老挝交界处。政府的压制行为造成了一场罕见的大规模暴乱，五月的第一周里，苗族人就土地权和宗教信仰自由问题举行抗议。
外交部女发言人说，奠边局势已趋向平稳，暴动的原因是苗族人听信谣言认为有超自然力量将他们带往希望之乡，结果受到破坏分子的利用，造成动乱。但苗族社区则声称动乱与此无关，政府对土地的掠夺和苗族人要求信仰自由的呼声才是主要原因。
Local Knowledge, Dynamism and the Politics of Struggle: A Case Study of the Hmong in Northern Thailand.
地方性知识、活力和政治斗争：泰国北部苗族的个案研究
Siriphon, Aranya
摘要：The Hmong are not passive actors who wait for help from development workers and other authorities. Instead, they actively engage themselves within a process of social negotiation between unequal socio-economic and political groups, a ‘dynamic knowledge system’. Three case studies from a Hmong Thantam community are used to better understand the process of social
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negotiation with multiple actors within complex power relations. More importantly, their dynamic local knowledge is used as a strategy to struggle against, and reconcile with, more powerful forces; the result of this process is the ‘complexity’ which happens as a response to power.
“It's possible to find knowledge from any place in the world when we humans learn from one another. Throughout the generations we Hmong have learned from many diverse sources. In order to fulfill our lives, we young Hmong still learn from the whole world.” -- Laoyeng Saehang, A headman of Thantam village, Northern Thailand, 1998.
关键词：Ethnic, Cultural, and Racial Relations 对象：泰国北部的一个苗族Thantam社区 方法：个案分析 视角：社会学
材料：三个来自苗族Thantam社区的个案
论点：Hmong 苗族人积极地参与社会谈判（social negotiation），谈判的另一方是较强势的社会经济政治团体。为了与强大的对手抗争及和解，苗族人采取的策略是充分利用他们“有活力的地方性知识（dynamic local knowledge）”。
Moral Agency, Identity Crisis and Mental Health: An Anthropologist’s Plight and His Hmong Ritual Healing
道德主体、身份危机和心理健康：一个人类学家的困境和他的苗族仪式治疗
Christian Postert
摘要：During anthropological fieldwork, the author had a serious accident on the outskirts of a Hmong village in the highland of Laos. However, this dramatic incident turned out to be the occasion of his ritual initiation into the local village community. An analysis of narratives of the incident reveals Hmong conceptions of the anthropologist’s physical, mental and moral affliction, its causative concomitants and his ritual healing. Hmong mental health and identity are situated in a moral space of exchange relationships to significant others, challenging basic assumptions of concepts of the person widely held in psychiatry and beyond. The healing ritual transformed the author’s being from indeterminate ‘‘other,’’ in a life-threatening state of identity crisis, to a wholesome Hmong ‘‘self,’’ in a state of health and moral agency. This exemplary rite de passage highlights the affinity of ritual healing and constitution of self in a moral space. The underlying relational concept of the person is in sharp contrast to psychiatry’s concepts of the person, which are deeply shaped by values of individualism. Psychiatric services must accommodate substantial differences in the concepts of the person when treating Hmong migrants from Laos.
关键词：Hmong Self Mental health Identity Ritual Moral agency 对象：老挝高地上苗族村落的仪式治疗
方法：通过分析作者亲身经历的田野个案，揭示苗族的仪式治疗与传统精神病治疗法的差异之处，阐析苗族对于人的心理健康和身份定位的文化理念。
视角：人类学田野调查、文化研究、精神病治疗法
材料：一个德国人类学家在老挝高地田野考察中亲身经历的仪式治疗
论点：苗人的心理健康和身份确认基于一个道德空间，其间，个人与一些“重要他
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