者”(significant others)（包括亲戚、朋友、祖先和神灵等）保持着交流。这种理念与传统精神病治疗法（深受个人主义价值观的影响）的有关观念形成鲜明对比。
意义：在对老挝苗族移民运用精神病治疗法时，必须针对这一重大差异进行相应的调整。
NATIVITY, ETHNICITY, AND RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF HMONG REFUGEES AND AFRICAN AMERICANS DISPLACED FROM
PUBLIC HOUSING 诞生、种族划分和拆迁：苗族难民 和非裔美国人被逐出公共住房的经历
RYAN ALLEN，EDWARD G. GOETZ
摘要：This article focuses on how the experiences of refugee public housing residents differ from those of other public housing residents when they participate in housing dispersal programs. An analysis of the spatial resettlement patterns and survey responses of Hmong and African-American public housing residents who were involuntarily relocated from public housing in Minneapolis, MN indicates the extent to which residents resettled in ethnically concentrated neighborhoods and their satisfaction with their new housing arrangements and neighborhoods. Research results suggest that Hmong did not settle in ethnically concentrated neighborhoods to the same extent as African Americans after relocation, and experienced lower levels of satisfaction in their new housing arrangements and neighborhoods. These findings indicate that the outcomes for residents involved in housing dispersal programs may depend in part on nativity status.
关键词：Minneapolis, Immigrants, Dispersal programs, Nativity Status
对象：明尼阿波利斯市被迫参与“疏散计划（dispersal programs）”的苗族难民和非裔美国人。
方法：分析新居所的空间布局，以讯问方式收集被迫移居者的反馈，统计苗族难民和非裔美国人在被安排到民族聚居区后，对新居所和邻居的满意程度。
视角：公共政策
材料：一系列统计数据和政府报告 论点：“疏散计划（dispersal programs）”的结果将取决于居民的出生状态（nativity status）。 意义：为公共政策的制定提供参考意见。
Patterns of Mortality in California Hmong, 1988–2002.
加州苗族的死亡类型（1988-2002）
Yang, Richard / Mills, Paul / Nasseri, Kiumarss
摘要：Background From mid-1980s to early 1990s, there were several studies evaluating a
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condition known as “nocturnal sudden death syndrome” among the healthy, young Hmong (immigrants from Laos) individuals who mysteriously died from unknown causes during the night. To date, very little has been reported on the mortality patterns in the Hmong. The purpose of the present study is to examine causes of death (COD) and compare age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) in the Hmong with those of non-Hispanic white (NHW) population in California, which may yield useful data for health prevention and planning purposes. Methods This study was based on 2,744 Hmong deaths occurred in California from 1988 to 2002. To calculate AAMR, Hmong population at risk of dying was derived by interpolating Hmong population counts from the 1990 and 2000 decennial censuses. For comparison, AAMR were calculated for both Hmong and NHW, and the statistical test, incidence rate ratio, was used to examine differences in relative mortality risk of each major COD between Hmong and NHW. Results AAMR are highest in neoplasm (184.0/100,000), circulatory (277.9/100,000) and respiratory (100.0/100,000) diseases for both Hmong and NHW. The AAMR for all COD during the entire study time period was 879.5/100,000 in males and 736.0/100,000 in females. AAMR for all other COD range from 4.9/100,000 to 67.2/100,000. Hmong experienced 1.3–1.9 times higher mortality rates for certain COD, compared to NHW. Conclusion The interesting findings of this study are the differences in AAMR observed for lower ranking COD between Hmong and NHW. Hmong were found to be experiencing 1.3–1.9 times higher mortality rates for injuries and poisonings, digestive diseases, prenatal conditions, ENMID (endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, immunity disorders), infections and parasitic illnesses, and congenital anomalies when compared to NHW. However, while Hmong women were found to have statistically significantly higher mortality risk for injuries and poisonings ( P-value < 0.05), ENMID ( P-value < 0.05), and infections and parasitic ailments ( P-value < 0.05) when compare to NHW women, Hmong men were observed to be at statistically significantly higher mortality risk for just infections and parasitic diseases ( P-value < 0.05) when compared to NHW men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
关键词：Causes of death; Deaths; Hmong; Mortality rates 对象：从老挝移居到加利福尼亚州的苗族
方法：以统计学的方法分析苗族死亡案例，计算当地苗族（Hmong）与非西班牙裔白种人（NHW）的年龄标化死亡率(AAMR)，计算每个主要死因(COD)所占的比重，然后得出结论。
视角：人口学
材料：加州1988-2002年2744个苗族死亡案例。 论点：由于各种原因所导致的当地苗族总体死亡率是非西班牙裔白种人死亡率的1.3-1.9倍，其中苗族女性更多因为受伤、中毒、ENMID、感染和寄生虫病而死亡，而男性则主要死于感染和寄生虫病。
意义：为预防保健和计划提供参考数据。
Performing place and ethnic identity within ethnic tourism among the
Miao of Dehang village Western Hunan China (A dissertation)
中国河南西部的苗族村中民俗旅游的表演场所与民族身份
（博士论文）
Liu, Liping
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摘要：This study explores how performative practice and everyday life within ethnic tourism is used as a medium in which ethnic identity and place identity are constructed and negotiated by the locals. Place identity and ethnic identity are both subparts of self-concept for individuals. The concept of role identity emphasizes the aspect of self-assigned meaning by individuals. Performance theory suggests that performance can be used for identity expression, construction, or resistance.
Through ethnographic research, this study focused on the description and interpretation of the Miao people's cultural practices and everyday life experiences as a means of identity performance in an ethnic tourism environment. This ethnographic work provides accounts of role playing among different groups of Miao people, such as Miao elites, stage performers, Miao intellectuals, and lay villagers. By so doing, it examines the identification process and the self-acquired meanings in cultural practices and everyday life among both Miao elites and ordinary Miao people. It aims to understand the Miao people's interests, concerns, complaints, or resentments toward ascribed dimensions of identities in the context of ethnic tourism. The ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in Dehang Miao village, Western Hunan China.
关键词：Hmong, Performance, Identity, Ethnic tourism 对象：中国河南西部的苗族村落中的民俗旅游
方法：田野作业。描述、阐释苗族的日常生活和文化实践。 视角：文化人类学、历史学、民族研究
材料：针对不同苗族人群——包括精英、舞台演员、知识分子和普通村民的叙述。 论点：在苗人日常生活成为了民俗旅游一部分的同时，其民族身份（ethnic identity）和地区身份（place identity）也就此被当地人建构或否定。
目的：试图在民俗旅游的背景下，理解苗人的兴趣、关注点、报怨和仇恨。
Proprietors without a Spiritual Pillar: The Search for Revitalization among Hmong
In the Midwestern United States
没有精神支柱的所有者： 对苗族在美国中西部的新生的调查
Phillipe N. Thao
摘要：Hmong immigrants to America have endured radical changes to their traditional way of life as it was practiced in the high country of Laos. Their struggles to adapt to a modern, urban wage-earning economy, when they were once subsistence slash and burn agriculturalists, has especially impacted the status and roles of first generation Hmong who arrived in this country with little or no education or relevant work skills. These Hmong, now the elderly members of Hmong communities, face a challenge to their relevance as respected, knowledgeable repositories of Hmong customary practices when nearly every aspect of Hmong life has been challenged by mainstream American cultural norms. Their children, who remembered little of their birth country, were encouraged to learn the lay of this new land in order that they might help their families put roots down, find good jobs and learn to negotiate the strange landscape of
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America. They grew up without the rich and textured participation in Hmong rituals, or the thick participation and observation of clan and kin-based social life. Now many in this generation struggle to make sense of Hmong cultural expectations in the setting of American life. Their struggles have created fractures and ruptures as well as new accommodations and revitalized customary practices. Their children, the first generation of American-born Hmong find themselves pushed and pulled even more by the norms and contingencies of two cultural systems. Their rejections and accommodations to new meanings concerning marriage, gender roles, patrilineal authority, and ritual practice have created strong divisions and disruptions within the family. And yet, this generation too remains strongly tied and connected to Hmong communal life as they seek to make sense of their new identities as Hmong and as Americans. This study offers a snapshot of Hmong American experience in the Midwestern United States. It is by no means a static picture, a resolved picture, even a particularly clear picture in terms of what features of this snapshot will become relevant to Hmong life in the future. It is nevertheless a testament to the unresolved and changing contingencies of the Hmong experience as related by Hmong who are living their lives under these new conditions. The voices in this account express the hopes, fears, despair and pride of a people in search of a new life and enduring identity.
关键词：proprietors; spiritual pillar; revitalization; Hmong immigrants; Midwestern United States
对象：美国中西部苗族人的生活方式。 方法：（从这篇摘要中无从得知。只能猜测是：描述苗族移民的生活现状，对比他们传统和现代的生活方式，分析他们在文化冲突上遇到的问题。）
视角：文化研究。 材料：（摘要中没有明确指出：可能是一些生活照片。）
论点：美国的苗族移民忍受着传统生活方式的彻底改变，努力适应着新的生存条件下的诸多问题，表达出一个民族在寻找新的生活和持久的身份时的希望、恐惧、绝望以及自豪感。
意义：提供苗族在美国中西部生活经验，给未来苗族移民遇到的不适应性问题一些启示。
Recreating Hmong History:
an Examination of www.youtube.com Videos
重塑苗族历史：Youtube网视频的考查
Eric Yang
摘要：The article presents a study that examines three different videos created and uploaded to the website www.youtube.com about the history of Hmong settlements. The videos, created by Hmong students, narrate a story about the Hmong history, revolving around their migration and resettlement in the U.S. Different aspects of the videos such as images, oral comments, and written texts are examined by interpreting vocal and visual narratives in the videos. Implications in creating these videos to the study of Hmong history and the experiences of Hmong Americans are also discussed.
关键词：Hmong history; Youtube; Videos; 对象：美国苗族移民讲述的苗族历史故事。 方法：描述三个视频的内容。
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视角：文化研究。
材料：Youtube网站上三个苗族学生原创的关于苗族定居点的视频。 意义：重塑苗族历史。
Gran Torino’s Boys and Men with Guns: Hmong Perspectives
《老爷车》中的带枪的男孩与男人：苗族视角
Louisa Schein
摘要：This article discusses the Clint Eastwood film Gran Torino in the context of American popular mis-representations of Hmong and from the perspectives of the film‘s Hmong actors and viewers. The analysis begins from the images of Hmong as ―perpetual warrior, ferocious killers ill-fit for American society, and docile fresh-off-the-boat foreigners needing help and protection by white saviors. The bulk of the article presents an interpretation of the recent box office hit Gran Torino radically different from contemporary mainstream response which has centered on Eastwood‘s character and viewed the film mainly as a vision of multicultural inclusion and understanding. This alternate -- ethnotextual approach, reflecting the conversations of a Hmong studies anthropologist and a Hmong filmmaker/activist, includes the perspectives of Hmong involved in creating the film and considers critical response to the final product within the Hmong community. Despite a script that called on them to portray violent gangbanger and hapless Hmong immigrant stereotypes, Hmong actors encourage us to value their creativity in shaping the film through enacting certain roles, no matter how conventionalized, and to expose the film as a white man‘s fantasy.
关键词： Hmong, Gran Torino, film study 对象：电影《老爷车》和苗裔美国人
方法：先作文化背景介绍，随后在民族语境（ethnotextual）中进行文本细读，探讨票房取得佳绩的原因。追踪从开怕到杀青的全过程，访谈和关注该片的导演、演员、制片商，分析幕后花絮。参加数次研讨会，记录苗族研究者、人类学者的看法。
视角：电影研究、民族学、社会学
材料：新闻回顾、访谈纪要、电影文本 论点：《老爷车》向美国观众普及了苗族基本常识。片中白人退伍老兵Walt帮助苗族男孩Thao成长、Walt与苗族女孩Sue并肩对抗流氓等情节具有开创性意味。在苗人形象长期被隐匿、曲解的主流文化中，本片发出了不一样的声音，受到广泛关注。
意义：本片促进异质文化融合之作用值得借鉴。
Homeland Beauty: Transnational Longing and Hmong American Video
家乡之美：跨国的盼望与在美苗族的录像
Schein, Louisa
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