摘要：The Yi national minority of southwestern China has four distinct orthographic traditions: Nosu, Nasu, Nisu and Sani. All are based on traditional systems using the same logographic principle as Chinese writing and a few Chinese characters. Otherwise, they are very different, both from Chinese and to a lesser degree from each other. Since 1950, orthographic reform has taken place separately in the three main provinces where Ngwi or Yi languages are spoken. This process has been a top-down language planning effort, run by leaders and scholars from within the various Yi communities of each province. In addition, for local and scholarly purposes, the traditional scripts continue in use. This paper discusses and exemplifies the traditional and new orthographic systems and the process of reform which created three modern orthographies alongside the four traditional ones which also continue in limited use. The top-down process of script reform is parallel to other areas of script, language and other policy developments in China since 1950, with a centralised model that achieves some great successes and some failures, and going through a series of major changes affecting the way the languages of the Yi are written. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
关键词：language; China; minority groups; orthography 对象：中国彝语传统的及革新后的拼写体系。
方法：通过实例说明彝语传统的和革新后的拼写体系，同时表明彝语文字改革的进程。 视角：语言学；中国语言文字改革
材料：四种传统的彝语拼写体系；三种经过独立的文字改革后形成的彝语拼写体系。 论点：20世纪50年代以来中国自上而下的语言文字改革政策影响着彝语书写的方式。这项改革既有成功，也有失败之处。传统的彝语拼写方式仍在特定环境下使用。
意义：了解彝语拼写改革的进程及新的彝语拼写体系，为今后的少数民族语言文字改革工作提供参考。
Several Major Issues in the Discussion on the Nature of Liangshan Yi Society
凉山彝族社会性质讨论中的几个主要问题
HU QINGJUN
摘要：本文主要针对解放前凉山彝族地区的社会性质中的几个主要问题进行了分析和讨论。首先，通过对当时凉山彝族地区社会制度的主要特征的进行了阐述和分析，认为奴隶制生产关系式当时该地区彝族社会占主要地位的生产关系，同时，作者还从财产占有权问题、地租剥削问题和统治阶级的两手问题，即经济、政治、文化等社会诸多方面，来论证了当时该地区彝族社会具有奴隶制度的显著特点，而不具有封建农奴制度的基本特征，从而作者认为当时的凉山彝族的社会是奴隶制度社会；不仅如此，作者之后又提出当时的凉山彝族社会还没用越过奴隶社会的前期，对于这一观点，作者认为判断一个社会是否处于早期或者发达阶段，主要应该依据社会生产力的发展以及生产关系的变化，仅以凉山彝区的情况来说，即使受到了清代中叶汉族的影响，但低下的社会生产力水平人不足以使得社会发展到发达的奴隶制度社会。最后，作者重点讨论了奴隶等级中的安家与曲诺的阶级属性问题。对于安家，作者指出凉山彝族奴隶制下的劳役制不仅在形式上还是在本质上都与马克思所论述的劳动地租不同，安家也不同于类似罗马奴隶制末期的隶农；对于曲诺，通过法国农奴的典型形态和凉山彝族的曲诺加以对比，作者认为彝族社会的曲诺是不同于封建农奴的，而是奴隶制度下的被保护民，是一种被马克思称为普遍奴隶制概念的具体体现。
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关键词：凉山彝族，奴隶制度，封建制度，生产力和生产资料，阶级属性， 对 象：五十年代至六十年代初期凉山彝族的社会性质
方 法：以史料事实为基础，抓住解放前凉山彝族地区主要的生产关系，对各种其他观点进行分析、推敲和反驳，从而来论证其自身观点的正确性。
视 角：从解放前凉山彝族地区的生产关系作为视角，探讨了其奴隶制度的社会性质。 材 料：解放前凉山彝族地区的政治、经济、文化等各方面的历史资料，其中包括当时该地区奴隶的来源、等级制度、经济地位、法律地位及其被占有的深度等；除此之外，作者还引用了马克思、列宁等著名学者关于地租、统治阶级职能等的论述以及世界和中国古代史中的一些史料记载作为比较。
论 点：作者认为，五十年代至六十年代初期，凉山彝族仍旧处于一种以奴隶主占有生产资料和生产者为基础的社会制度，即奴隶制度，并且认为在当时，凉山彝族社会还没用越过奴隶社会的前期。
意 义：确定了解放前凉山彝族的社会性质是奴隶制度社会，并且处于奴隶社会发展的前期；同时，消除了一些具体问题上的分歧，特别是对认为当时该地区是封建制度的观点做出了反驳和证伪，为进一步研究凉山彝族的社会发展历程提供了基础。
Assessment of the Social Functions and Vitality of the Yi Language from
the Perspective of its Domains of Use
从语言使用域来评估彝语的社会功能和语言活力
Hu Suhua 胡素华
摘要：In general, the vitality and social functions of a language are assessed in connection with such indices as the language’s intergenerational transmission, the absolute number of speakers and proportion of speakers in the population, its present domains of use, its development within diverse domains of use, and the availability of its educational and written materials. The various indices are then ranked for vitality levels and synthesized to obtain the language’s degree of vitality and degree of endangerment (De Graaf 2006). By means of a questionnaire survey of Yi-Han bilingual students at the Ethnic Secondary School of Xichang and observations of natural language use by urban Yi-Han bilinguals and rural Yi monolinguals, this study sought to explore current use of Yi in the domains of the family, education, religion, work, and the media in order to assess Yi’s vitality and social function in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and proposes measures for enhancing Yi’s vitality and social function.
关键词：Yi；language vitality； language social function； domain of use； Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture； diglossia；code-switching
对象：凉山彝族自治区内彝语的各个使用域（家庭、教育、宗教、媒体、工作）；彝语的语言活力和社会功能
方法：问卷调查、观察。
视角：语言学；双言现象（diglossia）
材料：凉山的西昌少数民族中学100位学生的问卷调查结果；对城镇彝汉双语使用者及乡村只说彝语的村民的观察。
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论点：本文分析了彝语在家庭、教育、宗教、媒体、工作的使用域；说明了彝语的社会功能，即双言现象和代码切换（code-switching），提出了改善彝语的社会功能和保持彝语的语言活力的措施。
意义：保护少数民族语言 作者简介：Hu Suhua is with the Institute for Minority Languages in China, Central University for Nationalities. This study received funding from the Ministry of Education’s Social Sciences Doctorate Program Fund (Project No. 03JB740007) and from the Central University for
Nationalities’ 985 Project. The author conducted the research in Sichuan province’s Liangshan in January 2007. In November 2007, the initial draft was read at the International Symposium on Minority Languages in Beijing, and in January 2008 the study was completed after the author conducted a supplementary investigation.
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