答案：Extension
问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式? 答案：Narrowing
问题：Affixation 又被称为什么? 它分为哪两类？ 答案：Affixation is also known as derivation
Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation 要点: 有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别: a-, non, ir : negative prefixes
de- , dis- ( 既属于negative , 也属于reversative prefixes ) mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes
super , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or size
anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitude trans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefixes of time and order bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation :
1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns
3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes
注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释. 要点: 复合词分为哪三类: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 简答题: what are the characteristics of compounds ?
What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ? 答案：
1) phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features
最常见的三种词性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds
问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性, 哪两种不具有多产性? 在形容性复合词当中, 哪三类有多产性?
动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的? *名词解释:Conversion ( 重点，还没考过)
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
Functional shift = conversion
Zero-derivation ( 选择或填空要点)
Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion 问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？
答案：由Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive 简答题: 形容词变动词的三种类别( 没考过)
问题：请你举出由conjunction 变为noun 的一个例子? 答案： Ifs and buts
blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 选择或填空要点) 问题：‘blending’ 分为哪四类合成词？ 1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail
问题: 绝大多数blending 都是什么词性? 答案：nouns
The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 问题：截短法clipping 分为哪四类？
答案：There are four common types of clipping : 1) Front clipping 2) Back clipping
3) Front and back clipping 4) Phrase clipping
要注意clipping 的例子
有一个特殊变化：fridge ( refrigerator 截短之后在i, g 中间加一个d ) , 还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke ( coca cola) 问题：什么是acronymy？
Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类: 1) initialisms (不发音) e.g. BBC, VOA, TB
2) acronyms (形成新的发音) e.g. CORE, TEFL `
Words from proper names 有四大类: 1. Names of people
e.g. bobby : Names of people 2. Names of places e.g. champagne, rugby 3. Names of books e.g. utopia 4. Tradenames e.g. cabal
问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？
e.g. diagnosis ---?diagnose : (先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词, 这种构词被称作) backformation
bloomers (它的构词法满足哪一种词法): 属于Words from proper names 中的Names of people
VJ-day :(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于Initialisms 中的Acronyms Pop: (采用哪一种构词法构成的) : clipping Sitcom : blending
FORTRAN : head + head
Bath (名词) ----- bathe ( 动词)
Bath 和 bathe 存在一种什么关系? ( Conversion ) 重点句：Conversion is also known as functional shift. 问题：Noun + v-ing, 这类词构成的词是什么词 ？ 答案：compounding
问题：Record-breaking , 它是属于复合法中的哪一种？ 答案：Adjectives compounds
问题：请说出Adjectives compounds 中多产性强的有几类？ 答案： 有三类 1) n + v-ing 2) n + a 3) n + v-ed
问题：up-bringing 是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？ 答案：noun compounds (adv + v-ing )
问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么? 答案：区别也就是复合词的特点: 1) Phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features
问题：red meat, green horn,它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词? 答案 ：Semantic features (也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义） 问题：Compounding又被称作什么法？ 答案：composition
问题：由compounding 或composition 构成的词被称作什么？ 答案：compounds
问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？ 答案：分为三类：solid, hyphenated, open solid : blackmail , blackmarket hyphenated: brother-in-law, open : green horn , green hand
问题：当形容词转为动词时分为几类：Adjectives to verbs 答案：有三类：
1) Both transitive and intransitive 2) Only transitive 3) Only intransitive
问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性? 答案：verb to noun e.g. catch
问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别? 答案：分为两类：
1) full conversion e.g. black , white
2) partial conversion e.g. the rich , the poor
问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？ 答案：1) Concrete 2) abstract e.g.
host : （可加-ess 变成具体名词） friend : (加-ship 可变成抽象名词）
问题：(只作了解) A word is unity of sound and meaning ( true or false ) 答案：true ( 可从word 的四个特点看出）
问题：Most loaned words are borrowed from foreign languages without any change in sound and spelling. （true or false). 答案： true
外来词分为四类： 1) Denizens
e.g. cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens
e.g. garage , decor 3) Translation -loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans. e.g. dream
判断对错题：
1．Conversion means transfer of a word from one class to anther . (true or false ) 答案：true
2． The relationship between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbitrary and conventional. (true or false ). 答案：true
3.a word used in different contexts may contrast with different antonyms .(true or false) 答案：true
4. an allomorph is any of the variant forms of morphemes. (true or false )
答题： false
重点句：A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.
E.g. fast （fast 在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念） 选择题：
Chinese is our native language, but we can not say the Chinese is our ? . a)mother tongue b) first language c) mother language d) official language
答案：C）mother language ( 不存在的一种说法)
问题：以下的哪一个词 is not an expression used by American? A) tube B) bar C) Mailbox D) Congress
答案：tube ( 只有英国人把地铁叫tube , 美国人把它叫作subway, underground ) 问题：‘smog’它是‘smoke , fog’ 合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一 种构词法？
A) clipping B ) compounding C) blending D) backformation 答案： C ) blending
问题：以下的词哪些属于：A)simple word B) compound word C) derived word D) shortened form. e.g. goldmine (compound word ) bike ( shortened form )
process (derived word : cess 是一个不可分割的bound root，pro 它 是一个前缀)
supermarket ( derived word ) language ( simple word ) driver ( derived word )
dorm ( shortened form, clipping ) modernize ( derivation ) blackboard ( compound )
bus ( shortened form ) (omnibus )
(可能会出现的题)What is the difference between content words and functional words, illustrate your point with examples ? ( 未考过) 注意：答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明。
(复习要考虑的题) What is the difference between denotative meaning and connotative meaning?
(论述题) What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? ( 未考过)
答题时先答名词解释basic word stock 再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明。 (关键答好第一个特点: ‘All national character ， 它又分为五个特点) 前四章复习的内容：
问题：Which of the following words is not formed through clipping? A) dorm B) Motel C) gent D) zoo 答案：Motel: (blending)
问题：Old English has vocabulary of about how many words ? 答案：50,000 to 60,000
问题：词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素 分为哪两类？
答案：粘着词素分为：Bound root 和 affixes 选择题或填空：
Besides French words, English also absorb as many as 2,500 words in the Middle English Period. (Dutch ) A word is a symbol that B .