A ) is used by same community
B) represents something else in the world C) both simple and complex in nature
D) Show different ideas in different sounds
The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called degradation or pejoration.
Pronouns and numerals enjoy nationwide use and stability, but has limited Productivity
问题：以下的这些词是粘着词素吗， 以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？ 1) heart and soul ( Adverbial in nature )
2) father - male parent ( conceptual meaning ) 3) City-bred ( noun + v-ed )
4) Lip-reading - lip read (backformation ) 5) headache (compound n + v )
6) antecedent ( 下划线的这一部分是什么： bound morphemes ) 7) preview ( prefix : 前缀) 8) receive ( bound root )
9) called ( inflectional affixes )
英语词汇学考前串讲(二)
第五章：Word Meaning
The meanings of‘Meaning’ 指的是哪三个层次的内容?
意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:
What are the meanings of ‘Meaning’?
1) Reference (有reference 的词必然具有sense, 也必然具有Concept )
2) Concept( 能够形成Concept 的词必然有reference )
3) Sense (有sense 的词未必具有concept , 也未必具有reference)
(Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它们都是具有sense 的词,但是未必具有reference , 也未必具有concept, 例如：if, but, probably : 它们有sense, 但没有concept )
What is the relationship between the reference and the thing outside the language?（等同于：What is relationship between sound and form ）
答: Arbitrary and conventional
名词解释: reference
名词Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .
They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.
2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .
3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.
4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.
重点: sense 的名词解释：
Sense : 1. ‘ sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. ‘ The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’
2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.
*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)
重点：What are the type of motivation？
1) Onomatopoeic motivation 2) Morphological Motivation 3) Semantic Motivation 4) Etymological Motivation
填空:
1.some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new word, either new in meaning or new in sense, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )
2. Compounds are totally different in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )
3. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymological motivation)
4. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )
4.laconic answer (简短回答),
laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据 (etymological motivation)
问题: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?
答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation
问题:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此时采用了哪一种理据构成?
答案: Semantic movtivation
论述题: 1. What are the types of motivation?
2. What are the types of meaning?
按大的分支来分分为: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning
分析题:*’The dog is chasing a cat’, analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning.
Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
(语法意义上分析没考过, 但从词汇意义上分析考过)
语法意义指一个词的词性, 句中充当的成份, 句子的时态,单复数形式等.
1)’Dog, cat’ are nouns, and ’chase’ is transitive verb.
2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense.
3) ’The dog, a cat’ are singular form.
问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请 从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?
Both ’pen and sword’ are nouns.
’mightier’ is an adjective, and ’than’ is preposition. The sentence is in simple present tense.
这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?
’Mightier than’ is comparative degree.
’pen and sword’ are in singular form.
’The pen’ is subject, and ’sword’ functions as an object to preposition ’than’.
’mightier’ is predictive.
重点名词解释:
Conceptual meaning:
1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of the same language.
*Associative meaning :(一定要把它的四种分支答上)
1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated.
3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc.
4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.
问题: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement?
答案: e.g. A child is prejudiced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but ’ a hell’, hence unfavourable connotatitions,
问题: 某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？
答案：e.g. A phrase like ’son of a bitch’ which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey the connotation of ’friendliness’ and ’intimacy’ used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time.
问题:Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分?
答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as ’formal’, ’informal’, ’literary’, ’archaic’, slang’.
Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of
formality: ’frozen’, ’formal’, ’consultative’, ’casual’ and ’intimate’.
问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?
答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal
注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.
在情感意义affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在affective meaning 的两个分类:(年年affective meaning 例子都考)
(1) appreciative meaning
(2) pejorative meaning
Collocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsome
Green 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster.
复习:
问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?
答案:Complex
Morphological motivation
问题: 有 reference 的词必然具有sense and concept ( 正确)
有sense 的词一定具有reference.(错误)
The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference.
问题: ’Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?
答案: Grammatical meaning
问题: ‘frozen, ‘formal’ , ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’ 这五个词是总结了什么的划分， 是根据什么的划分?
答案: stylistic meaning , 是根据The Five Clocks written by Martin Joos.
问题:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal).