问题: ’Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car’，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？
答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , their collocative meaning are totally different.
问题：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated.
问题：’Unexpected, expectation, expecting’, these three words are (morphologically) motivated.
问题： ’Hopeless, jobless, dislike’, 这三个词是靠什么motivated. ( morphologically motivated)
问题：’East or west , home is best’ and ’there is no place like home’. 这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？
答案: Connotative meaning
第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Field
polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）
Two Approaches to Polysemy:
1) Diachronic approach
2) Sychronic approach
Two Processes of Development
1) radiation
(1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.
(2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.
e.g. face, neck
2) concatenation
(1) meaning ‘ linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves
gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .
(2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.
e.g. treacle
注意： 这两种模式的名词解释照样要记（这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过）
问题：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ?
答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations.
types of sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）
问题：Fruit 与 apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么语义关系？
答案：Hyponymy?
问题：Fruit 这一类里包含apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它们形成了一种什么样的理论？
答案： Semantic field
问题：有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象， 那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。 比如说：dead , alive , 它们之间的反义关系是什么样的一种关系？
答案：Contradictory terms
它们之间形成的语义关系被称作antonymy
问题：Contradictory terms 有一个最大的特点是什么？
答案：Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them.
问题：反义词存在不存在一种包容现象？
答案：表明two poles, two extremes，的反义词，它们之间存在一种包容现象，这种包容现象被称作（Middle ground）
e.g. huge / tiny（ 它们之间存在着big , small , quite big, quite small）
e.g. young / old
这类反义词被称为(Contrary terms)
问题：fast 这个词, 它表示紧的概念时, 它 和loose 是一组反义词，表示快的概念 时，它和slow 是一组反义词， 这样的 一种语义关系算什么样的语义关系？
答案： polysemy
问题：分析deer , dear 这两个词是什么样的词？
答案：Homophone
重点: homonyms 有哪三个类别的划分？
1) perfect homonyms
e.g. bank , bear
2) homographs
e.g. bow, sow
3) homophones
e.g dear, deer
right, write, rite
重点：Origins of Homonyms
1) Change in sound and spelling
2) Borrowing
3) Shortening
问题：shortening 可以表现在哪些分支结构构成上?
1) Acronymy 2) Homonymy 3) Narrowing 4) Idioms
重点问题：Homonymy 和 Polysemy 的区别？ （ 未考过）
6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms
e.g. Long time no sea. ( puns )
humor, sarcasm or ridicule 重点：名词解释 Synonyms
Types of Synonyms : 1) Absolute synonyms 2) Relative synonyms
重要简答题：Sources of Synonyms ( 四大来源， 配以例子说明就可以了)
1) Borrowing
2)Dialects and regional English
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words
4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
重点：如何区分同义词？(Discrimination of Synonyms )
1) Difference in denotation
2) Difference in connotation
3) Difference in application
antonymy : 反义关系
要点:反义词的三种类别的划分:
What are the different types of antonyms?
三种类别的名词解释都要记:
1) Contradictory terms
exclusive
特例: they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualifythem.
e.g. single/ married (有可能放在分析里去论述)
2) contrary terms
关键词: two poles or extremes middle ground
e.g. rich / poor (中间还可出现well-to-do)
3) Relative terms
e.g. parent / child , predecessor/ successor
问题: What are the characteristics of antonyms?
1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition
特例:Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, e.g. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine. Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.
2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.
(这个特点只适用于polysemous )
e.g. fast , dull
3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
(这里讲的包容性是指一个反义词必然包 含着另外一个反义词的绝对的概念)
e.g.man/ woman (man 除了指男性,还可以指整个人类, woman 算作人类的一 部分, 所以woman 也算在man 的范畴内,因此,woman 被man 所包容)
dog / bitch ( dog 除了指狗类通称,还可以指公狗, bitch是母狗, dog指狗类通称的时,bitch是狗的一种,因此我们说bitch必然被dog所包容,所以,它们之间存在着Semantic inclusion)
(语义上的包容性还没有考过)