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E. None of the above. Answer: B
39. International trade based on external scale economies in both countries is likely to be carried out by a
A. relatively large number of price competing firms.（相对大量的价格竞争者） B. relatively small number of price competing firms. C. relatively small number of competing oligopolists. D. monopoly firms in each country/industry. E. None of the above. Answer: A
40. A monopoly firm engaged in international trade will（选择最长的）
A. equate average to local costs.
B. equate marginal costs with foreign marginal revenues.
C. equate marginal costs with the highest price the market will bear.
D. equate marginal costs with marginal revenues in both domestic and in foreign markets.
E. None of the above. Answer: D
41. In industries in which there are scale economies, the variety of goods that a country can produce is constrained by A. the size of the labor force. B. anti-trust legislation C. the size of the market. D. the fixed cost. E. None of the above. Answer: C
42. History and accident determine the details of trade involving
A. Ricardian and Classical comparative advantage. B. Heckscher-Ohlin model consideration. C. taste reversals. D. scale economies. E. None of the above. Answer: D
43. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then
A. workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country.
B. workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country.
C. workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. （在本国他们会得利当然不会迁徙）
D. workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country.
E. workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant
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country. Answer: C
44. International borrowing and lending may be interpreted as one form of
A. Intermediate trade. B. inter-temporal trade. C. trade in services.
D. unrequited international transfers. E. None of the above. Answer: B
45. A country that has a comparative advantage in future production of consumption goods
A. will tend to be an international borrower. B. will tend to have low real interest rates.
C. will tend to be an international investor or lender. D. will tend to have good work ethics. E. None of the above. Answer: A
46. International labor mobility
A. leads to wage convergence by raising wages in destination country and lowering in source country.
B. is in accordance with the specific factors model
C. is in accordance with the Heckscher-Ohlin factor proportions model.
D. leads to wage convergence by raising wages in source and lowering them in destination country. （工资税平趋于一致） E. is in accordance with scale economy model. Answer: D
47. In practice, international labor mobility is
A. a complete complement to trade flows. B. a partial complement to trade flows. C. a complete substitute for trade flows.
D. a partial substitute for trade flows.（部分替代贸易流动） E. None of the above. Answer: D
48. If one observes that Japan was traditionally a net foreign lender, one could conclude that relative to its international trade and financial partners
A. Japan's inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward future consumption.
B. Japan's inter-temporal production possibilities are larger than that of the other countries.
C. Japan's inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward present consumption. （生产可能性曲线偏向于当期的消费）
D. Japan's inter-temporal production possibilities are not biased. E. None of the above.
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Answer: C
49. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff in country H in the presence of the Metzler Paradox,
A. raises the price of the good in both countries (the \B. raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F. C. lowers the price of the good in both countries.（降低各国的价格） D. lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F. E. raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F. Answer: C
50. The effective rate of protection measures（有效保护率）
A. the \B. the quota equivalent value of a tariff.
C. the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse. D. the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added. E. None of the above. Answer: D
51. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)
A. effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.
B. nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.（名义税率小于实际税率） C. rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates. D. fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E. None of the above. Answer: B
52. The main redistribution effect of a tariff is the transfer of income from （在分配效应
与收入转移）
A. domestic producers to domestic buyers.
B. domestic buyers to domestic producers. （有本国消费者向生产者转移） C. domestic producers to domestic government. D. domestic government to domestic consumers. E. None of the above. Answer: B
53. The deadweight loss of a tariff
A. is a social loss because it promotes inefficient use of national resources.（社会
资源的无效利用）
B. is a social loss because it reduces the revenue of the government.
C. is not a social loss because it merely redistributes revenue from one sector to another.
D. is not a social loss bacuase it is paid for by rich corporations. E. None of the above. Answer: A
54. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by
A. consumers lobbying for export tariffs. B. consumers lobbying for import tariffs.
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C. consumers lobbying for lower import tariffs. D. producers lobbying for export tariffs.
E. producers lobbying for import tariffs.（生产者游说政府制定进口关税）
Answer: E
55. The fact that industrialized countries levy very low or no tariff on raw materials and semi processed goods
A. helps developing countries export manufactured products. B. has no effect on developing country exports.
C. hurts developing country efforts to export manufactured goods. D. hurts developing country efforts to export raw materials. E. None of the above. Answer: C
56. An Optimal Tariff is considered unlikely to be observed in the real world because of
A. The Metzler Paradox.
B. it is practically impossible to define optimality in trade policy terms. C. the likelihood of foreign repercussions.
D. real countries are considered to be \ E. None of the above. Answer: C
57. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply to
A. a small tariff imposed by a small country.
B. a small tariff imposed by a large country.（大国，小关税） C. a large tariff imposed by a small country. D. a large tariff imposed by a large country. E. None of the above. Answer: B
58. The existence of marginal social benefits which are not marginal benefits for the industry producing the import substitutes
A. is an argument supporting free trade and non-governmental involvement. B. is an argument supporting the use of an optimum tariff.
C. is an argument supporting the use of market failures as a trade-policy strategy. D is an argument rejecting free trade and supporting governmental involvement
(干预)
D. None of the above. Answer: D
59. The domestic market failure argument is a particular case of the theory of
A. the optimum, or first-best.
B. the second best. （次优选择） C. the third best.
D. the sufficing principle. E. None of the above. Answer: B
60. The median voter model
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A. works well in the area of trade policy. B. is not intuitively reasonable.
C. tends to result in biased tariff rates.
D. does not work well in the area of trade policy. E. None of the above.
Answer: D
61. The fact that trade policy often imposes harm on large numbers of people, and benefits only a few may be explained by
A. the lack of political involvement of the public. B. the power of advertisement.
C. the problem of collective action.（集体行动的困难）
D. the basic impossibility of the democratic system to reach a fair solution. E. None of the above. Answer: C
62. A trade policy designed to alleviate some domestic economic problem by exporting it to foreign countries is know as a(n) A. international dumping policy.
B. Countervailing（报复性的）tariff policy.
C. beggar thy neighbor policy.（以邻为壑的政策） D. trade adjustment assistance policy. E. None of the above. Answer: C
63. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might gain because of foreign A. tariffs. B. subsidies. C. quotas.
D. Local-Content legislation E. None of the above. Answer: B
64. Export embargoes cause greater losses to consumer surplus in the target country
A. the lesser its initial dependence on foreign produced goods. B. the more elastic is the target country's demand schedule. C. the more elastic is the target country's domestic supply.
D. the more inelastic the target country's supply.（目标国的供给缺乏弹性） E. None of the above. Answer: D
65. The World Trade Organization provides for all of the following except
A. the usage of the most favored nation clause.
B. assistance in the settlement of trade disagreements. C. bilateral tariff reductions.（双边关税减让） D. multilateral tariff reductions. E. None of the above. Answer: C
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