孙铱 Wednesday, January 14, 2009
68. Under U.S. commercial policy, the escape clause results in A. temporary quotas （短期的配额）granted to firms injured by import competition. B. tariffs that offset export subsidies granted to foreign producers.
C. a refusal of the U.S. to extradite anyone who escaped political oppression. D. tax advantages extended to minority-owned exporting firms.
E. tariff advantages extended to certain Caribbean countries in the U.S. market. Answer: A
PartⅣ. Each term in the left column is related to a particular content
in the right column, please match each pair with a line.
1 answer:
a-7; b-9; c-10;d-8;e-6;f-3;g-4;h-2;i-1;j-8
2 answer:
a-5;b-6;c-7;d-1;e-2;f-3;g-4;h-10;i-9;j-8
PartⅤ. Explain the following terms(Put the answers onto the blank
exam paper) .
1， p24 2， p69n 3， p75 4， p112 5， p154 6， p181-184 7， p169 8， p196 9， p245 10， p231
PartⅥ. Choose FOUR of the following questions and answer them.
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孙铱 Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Chapter 2
1. Suppose: Labor is the only one factor of production. L and L*are Home?s and
**Foreign?s labor force.aLC、aLWand aLC、aLWare the unit labor requirement in cheese、wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. pC/pWis the relative price of cheese. Home and Foreign have a comparative advantage in cheese and wine, respectively.Please denote each of the following contents with one equation. (1)Home?s comparative advantage. (2)Foreign?s specialization (3)World relative supply (4)Home?s gains from trade
**(5)Compare aLC/aLC、aLW/aLWand w/w* Answer:
⑴ aLC/aLW 1/aLW
⑸ aLC*/aLC>w/w*>a*LW/aLW [因为a*LC w*>aLC w ,所以a*LC/aLC>w/w*; 因为a*LW w*a*LW/aLW ]
2. Japanese labor productivity is roughly the same as that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are nontrade. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because its comparative advantage lies in things it cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument? Answer:
To determine comparative advantage need for all four unit labor requirements (for both the manufacture and the service sectors)
*a?aLCLC · is an absolute advantage in service ,this is neither a necessary nor a
sufficient condition for determining comparative advantage .
·The competitive advantage depends on both relative productivity and relative wages.
【该结论的问题在于没有考虑所有用来确定生产中比较优势的信息：本例中与4个部门对劳动有所需求（美国、日本各自的服务部门和工业部门），仅仅比较服务部门的单位产品劳动投入是不够的。如果aLS
3. In Ricardian model, trade benefit a country can be shown in two ways.
(1) Explain the two ways respectively; (2) Can these ways suit for other trade model?
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Answer:
⑴ ①To think of trade as an indirect method of production :
Suppose Home has a comparative advantage in producing cheese, while Foreign in
**wine, that isaLC/aLW?PC/PC/PW)?1/aLW. That is by W?aLC/aLW, so(1/a.LC)(Pproducing cheese and then trade for wine; Home can get more units of wine than just
**producing wine itself in one unit of time. Similarly, (1/aLC)(PC/P)?1/aWLW,
Foreign also gains from trade.
【①用间接生产方式表示：把贸易看成一种间接生产方法，通过生产别的产品换取所需的产品代替直接生产，“非直接”生产需要投入的劳动比率比直接生产要少。】 ②Trade expands consumption possibilities
Figure 2-4 Trade Expands Consumption
Possibilities
【②以消费可能线表示：贸易扩大了一个国家的消费可能性。】
⑵ Yes, because whatever the trade model is, resources are admitted to be used in producing goods which is can do with relatively more sufficiency, By producing what they are relative more efficient in and trade for other goods they can get more than just producing the other goods themselves.
4. The proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified. That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive” or that the trade be “fair”. Answer:
(1). Productivity and competitiveness
·The gains from trade depend on comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage.
·The competitive advantage of an industry depend on relative labor productivity and relative wage.
·Absolute advantage: neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for comparative advantage (or for the gains from trade). (2). The pauper labor argument
·Whether the lower cost of foreign export goods is due to high productivity or low wages does not matter. All that matter to home is that it is more efficient to
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“produce” those goods indirectly than to produce directly. (3). Exploitation
·if it refuse to trade, real wages would be even lower
5. “Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition”. Judge and explain the remark.
Answer:
·The gains from trade depend on comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage.
·The competitive advantage of an industry depend on relative labor productivity and relative wage.
·Absolute advantage: neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for comparative advantage (or for the gains from trade).
①贸易的获益取决于比较优势而非绝对优势。一个部门的比较优势不仅取决于该部门相对于其他国家同一部门的劳动生产率，也取决于本国相对于外国的工资率。一个国家工资率又取决于其他产业部门的相对劳动生产率。因此，即使是劳动生产率比较低的国家也能拥有比较优势，从贸易中获益。 ②贫民劳动论：外国的低工资率和本国是否从贸易中获利的问题并没有多大关系，外国生产产品的成本比较低是因为劳动生产率高还是因为工资率低是一件无关紧要的事，关键是有哪个本国自己的劳动量，本国生产的产品换取外国产品比本国直接生产的跟便宜。 ③剥削论：拒绝出口和贸易的机会恰恰会将他们陷入更加贫困的境地。
6. Judge and explain the following arguments:
(1)Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages.
(2)It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good.
(1)Pauper labor argument:
Answer:
·Relative wage reflects relative productivity, international trade can’t change it.
·Trading with a less productive and low-wage country will rise ,no lower its standard of living.
【贫民劳动论：外国的低工资率和本国是否从贸易中获利的问题并没有多大关系，外国生产产品的成本比较低是因为劳动生产率高还是因为工资率低是一件无关紧要的事，关键是有哪个本国自己的劳动量，本国生产的产品换取外国产品比本国直接生产的跟便宜。】
Right
If a*LC/aLC>w/w*>a*LW/aLW
因为a*LC/aLC>w/w*,推出a*LC w*>aLC w, that is home ends up with a cost advantage in cheese. 因为a*LW/aLW
7. Suppose that there are many countries capable of producing two goods, and that each country has only one factor of production, labor. What could we say about the pattern of production and trade in this case? (Hint: Try constructing the world
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relative supply curve.) Answer:
Label the countries so that
2N (aLC/aLW)?(aLC/aLW)?...?(aLC/aLW)
Any country to the left of RD produces cheese and trades it for wine. Any country to right of RD produces wine and trades it for cheese.
If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion, the country with that aLC/aLW produces both goods.
【如果与许多国家能生产两种产品，世界相对供给曲线是一个阶梯函数，曲线上包含与具
有不同劳动需求比率的国家相同的“阶梯”数。相对需求曲线和相对供给曲线的交点左边的国家出口他们相对与交点右边的国家具有比较优势的产品。如果交点在水平部分的曲线上，则一国在这一相对价格水平上生产两种商品。】
Chapter 3
8. In the specific factors model(QM=QM (K, LM); QF=QF (T, LF); L=LM+LF), If Home produces and trades food for manufactured goods , the change rates of goods
????T、r?K、Wprice and factor price are shown asPF、PM、r respectively.
(1)Compare the five change rates (denote it with an equation).
(2)Will the real income of landowners、capitalists and workers increase or decrease? Explain these changes.
(3)Draw a conclusion on the effects of income distribution. Answer:
(1)rT?PF?W?PM?rK
(2) Because rK/Pm?andrK/PF??,rT/PF?? and rT/PF?, W/PM?and
W/PF?.The real income of landowners increases, the real income of capitalists
?????????????????decreases, and whether the real income of worker increases or decreased is uncertain .It depends on their consumptions.
9. Although international trade has strong effects on income distribution, there are still
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